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do no indignity to the myth of Demeter and Persephoneone of the few myths in which the sunshine and clarity of the Greek genius are crossed by the shadow and mystery of deathwhen we trace its origin to some of the most familiar； yet eternally affecting aspects of nature； to the melancholy gloom and decay of autumn and to the freshness； the brightness； and the verdure of spring。
Chapter 45。 The Corn…Mother and the Corn…Maiden in Northern Europe。
IT has been argued by W。 Mannhardt that the first part of Demeter's name is derived from an alleged Cretan word deai； barley； and that accordingly Demeter means neither more nor less than Barley…mother or Corn…mother； for the root of the word seems to have been applied to different kinds of grain by different branches of the Aryans。 As Crete appears to have been one of the most ancient seats of the worship of Demeter； it would not be surprising if her name were of Cretan origin。 But the etymology is open to serious objections； and it is safer therefore to lay no stress on it。 Be that as it may； we have found independent reasons for identifying Demeter as the Corn…mother； and of the two species of corn associated with her in Greek religion； namely barley and wheat； the barley has perhaps the better claim to be her original element； for not only would it seem to have been the staple food of the Greeks in the Homeric age； but there are grounds for believing that it is one of the oldest； if not the very oldest； cereal cultivated by the Aryan race。 Certainly the use of barley in the religious ritual of the ancient Hindoos as well as of the ancient Greeks furnishes a strong argument in favour of the great antiquity of its cultivation； which is known to have been practised by the lake…dwellers of the Stone Age in Europe。
Analogies to the Corn…mother or Barley…mother of ancient Greece have been collected in great abundance by W。 Mannhardt from the folk…lore of modern Europe。 The following may serve as specimens。
In Germany the corn is very commonly personified under the name of the Corn…mother。 Thus in spring； when the corn waves in the wind； the peasants say； There comes the Corn…mother； or The Corn…mother is running over the field； or The Corn…mother is going through the corn。 When children wish to go into the fields to pull the blue corn…flowers or the red poppies； they are told not to do so； because the Corn…mother is sitting in the corn and will catch them。 Or again she is called； according to the crop； the Rye…mother or the Pea…mother； and children are warned against straying in the rye or among the peas by threats of the Rye…mother or the Pea…mother。 Again the Corn…mother is believed to make the crop grow。 Thus in the neighbourhood of Magdeburg it is sometimes said； It will be a good year for flax； the Flax…mother has been seen。 In a village of Styria it is said that the Corn…mother； in the shape of a female puppet made out of the last sheaf of corn and dressed in white； may be seen at mid…night in the corn…fields； which she fertilises by passing through them； but if she is angry with a farmer； she withers up all his corn。
Further； the Corn…mother plays an important part in harvest customs。 She is believed to be present in the handful of corn which is left standing last on the field； and with the cutting of this last handful she is caught； or driven away； or killed。 In the first of these cases； the last sheaf is carried joyfully home and honoured as a divine being。 It is placed in the barn； and at threshing the corn…spirit appears again。 In the Hanoverian district of Hadeln the reapers stand round the last sheaf and beat it with sticks in order to drive the Corn…mother out of it。 They call to each other； There she is！ hit her！ Take care she doesn't catch you！ The beating goes on till the grain is completely threshed out； then the Corn…mother is believed to be driven away。 In the neighbourhood of Danzig the person who cuts the last ears of corn makes them into a doll； which is called the Corn…mother or the Old Woman and is brought home on the last waggon。 In some parts of Holstein the last sheaf is dressed in woman's clothes and called the Corn…mother。 It is carried home on the last waggon； and then thoroughly drenched with water。 The drenching with water is doubtless a rain…charm。 In the district of Bruck in Styria the last sheaf； called the Corn…mother； is made up into the shape of a woman by the oldest married woman in the village； of an age from fifty to fifty…five years。 The finest ears are plucked out of it and made into a wreath； which； twined with flowers； is carried on her head by the prettiest girl of the village to the farmer or squire； while the Corn…mother is laid down in the barn to keep off the mice。 In other villages of the same district the Corn…mother； at the close of harvest； is carried by two lads at the top of a pole。 They march behind the girl who wears the wreath to the squire's house； and while he receives the wreath and hangs it up in the hall； the Corn…mother is placed on the top of a pile of wood； where she is the centre of the harvest supper and dance。 Afterwards she is hung up in the barn and remains there till the threshing is over。 The man who gives the last stroke at threshing is called the son of the Corn…mother； he is tied up in the Corn…mother； beaten； and carried through the village。 The wreath is dedicated in church on the following Sunday； and on Easter Eve the grain is rubbed out of it by a seven…year…old girl and scattered amongst the young corn。 At Christmas the straw of the wreath is placed in the manger to make the cattle thrive。 Here the fertilising power of the Corn…mother is plainly brought out by scattering the seed taken from her body （for the wreath is made out of the Corn…mother） among the new corn； and her influence over animal life is indicated by placing the straw in the manger。 Amongst the Slavs also the last sheaf is known as the Rye…mother； the Wheat…mother； the Oats…mother； the Barley…mother； and so on； according to the crop。 In the district of Tarnow； Galicia； the wreath made out of the last stalks is called the Wheat…mother； Rye…mother； or Pea…mother。 It is placed on a girl's head and kept till spring； when some of the grain is mixed with the seed…corn。 Here again the fertilising power of the Corn…mother is indicated。 In France； also； in the neighbourhood of Auxerre； the last sheaf goes by the name of the Mother of the Wheat； Mother of the Barley； Mother of the Rye； or Mother of the Oats。 They leave it standing in the field till the last waggon is about to wend homewards。 Then they make a puppet out of it； dress it with clothes belonging to the farmer； and adorn it with a crown and a blue or white scarf。 A branch of a tree is stuck in the breast of the puppet； which is now called the Ceres。 At the dance in the evening the Ceres is set in the middle of the floor； and the reaper who reaped fastest dances round it with the prettiest girl for his partner。 After the dance a pyre is made。 All the girls； each wearing a wreath； strip the puppet； pull it to pieces； and place it on the pyre； along with the flowers with which it was adorned。 Then the girl who was the first to finish reaping sets fire to the pile； and all pray that