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London； at the sign of the 〃Golden Pen。〃
The ink horn in Queen Elizabeth's time was in popular
use as a receptacle for holding writing ink； and
Petticoat lane in London was the great manufacturing
center for them。 Bishops Gate in the same vicinity
was known as the 〃home of the scribblers。〃
Beginning with 1560 and for many years thereafter
the sign of the Five Ink Horns was appropriately
displayed by Haddon on the house in which he dwelt。
Away back in the time of King Edward III （1313…
1377）； royalty was employing the pen； both quill and
gold； as badges。 This is indicated in the accompanying
interesting list to be found in the Harlein library：
〃King Edward the iii。 gave a lyon in his proper
coulor； armed； azure； langue d'or。 The oustrich
fether gold； the pen gold； and a faucon in his
proper coulor and the Sonne Rising。
〃The Prince of Wales the ostrich fether pen and all arg。
〃Henry； sonne of the Erl of Derby； first Duk
of Lancaster； gave the red rose uncrowned； and
his ancestors gave the Fox tayle in his prop。 coulor
and the ostrich fether ar。 the pen ermyn。
〃The Ostrych fether silver； the pen gobone
sylver and azur； is the Duk of Somerset's bage。
〃The ostrych fether silver and pen gold ys the
kinges。
〃The ostrych fether pen and all sylver ys the
Prynces。
〃The ostrych fether sylver； pen ermyn is the
Duke of Lancesters。
〃The ostrych fether sylver and pen gobone is
the Duke of Somersets。〃
〃What's great Goliath's spear； the sevenfold shield；
Scanderbeg's sword； to one who cannot wield
Such weapons？ Or； what means a well cut quill；
In th' untaught hand of him that's void of skill？〃
COCKER； A。 D。 1650。
The oldest ink （Russian） documents that exist in
Russia are two treaties with the Greek emperors； made
by Oleg； A。 D。 912； and Igor； A。 D。 943。 Christianity；
introduced into Russia at the beginning of the eleventh
century by Vladimir the Great； brought with it many
words of Greek origin。 Printing was introduced there
about the middle of the sixteenth century。 The oldest
printed book which has been discovered is a Sclavonic
psalter； the date Kiev； 1551； two years after a press
was established in Moscow。
It is said that the skins of 300 sheep were used in
every copy of the first printed Bible。 Hence the old
saying； 〃It takes a flock of sheep to write a book。〃
What would have been the comment in olden times；
to learn that it takes almost a forest of trees to print
the Sunday edition of some of our great newspapers？
Wax （shoemakers'） was first employed on
documents A。 D。 1213； although it was white wax which
was used to seal the magna charta； granted to the
English barons by King John； A。 D。 1215。 In 1445
red wax was much employed in England； but the earliest
specimen of red sealing wax extant is found on
a letter dated August 3； 1554。
Pliny enumerates and describes eight different
kinds of papyrus paper：
1。 Charter hieraticasacred paper； used only for
books on religion。 From adulation of Augustus it
was also called charta augusta and charta livia。
2。 Charta amphitheatricafrom the place where it
was fabricated。
3。 Charta fanniafrom Fannius； the manufacturer。
4。 Charta saiticafrom Sais in Egypt。 This appears
to have been a coarser kind。
5。 Charta toenioticafrom the place where made；
now Damietta。 This was also of a less fine quality。
6。 Charta claudia。 This was an improvement of
the charta hieratica； which was too fine。
7。 Charta emporitica。 A coarse paper for parcels。
There was also a paper called macrocollum； which
was of a very large size。
Of all these； he says； the charta claudia was the best。
The ink…written rolls of papyrus were placed vertically
in a cylindrical box called capsula。 It is very
evident that a great number of such volumes might
be comprised in this way within a small space； and
this may tend to explain the smallness of the rooms
which are considered to have been used for containing
the ancient libraries。
At Mentz； in Upper Germany； is a leaf of parchment
on which are fairly written twelve different kinds of
handwritings in six different inks also a variety of
miniatures and drawings curiously done with a pen
by one Theodore Schubiker； who was born without
hands and performed the work with his feet。
In Rome the very plate of brass on which the laws
of the ten tables are written is still to be seen。
Stylographic inks should not be used upon records；
most of them are aniline。 The absence of solid matter；
which makes them desirable for the stylographic
pen； unfits them for records。
Never add water to ink。 While an ink which has
water as its base might； under certain conditions bear
the addition of an amount equal to that lost by evaporation；
as a rule the ink particles which have become
injured will not assimilate again。
One of the best methods to cleanse a steel pen after
use； is to stick it in a raw （white） potato。
Inks which are recommended as permanent； because
water will not remove them； while it does immediately
obliterate others； may not be permanent as against
time。 These inks may be the best for monetary purposes；
but； owing to an excess of acid in them； may
be dangerous in time to the paper。
It is interesting； since coal tar has acquired so important
a position in the arts； to trace how its various
products successively rose in value。 The prices in
Paris； as given by M。 Parisal in 1861； are as follows：
Coal；。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。 1/4 c。 per lb。
Coal tar；。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。 3/4 〃 〃
Heavy coal oil；。。。。。。。。。。。。。。 2 1/2 a 3 3/4 〃 〃
Light coal oil；。。。。。。。。。。。。。 6 3/4 a 10 1 /4 〃 〃
Benzole；。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。 10 1/2 a 13 〃 〃
Crude nitro…benzole；。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。 57 a 61 〃 〃
Rectified nitro…benzole；。。。。。。。。。。。。 82 a 96 〃 〃
Ordinary aniline；。。。。。。。。。。。。。 3。27 a 4。90 〃 〃
Liquid aniline violet；。。。。。。。。。。。。。。 28 a 41 〃 〃
Carmine aniline violet；。。。。。。。 32 c。 a 1。92 〃
Pure aniline violet； in powder；。。。。 245 a 326。88 〃
The last is equal to the price of gold。 And so； says
M。 Parisal； from coal； carried to its tenth power； we
have gold； the diamond is to come。
Modern chemistry offers many formulas and
methods of rendering visible secret or sympathetic
inks。 Writing made with any of the following solutions；
and permitted to dry； is invisible。 Treatment
by the means cited will render them visible。
Solution。 After treatment。 Color produced。
Acetate of lead。 Sulphuret of potassiurin。 Brown。
Gold in nitrohydroChloric acid。 Tin in same acid。 Purple。
Nut…galls。 Sulphate of iron。 Black。
Dilute sulphuric acid。 Heat。 Black。
Cobalt in dilute Heat。