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off the principal part of the dirt； then he entirely
rubs off the hair and fibres with pumice stone； if
he did not do so； the letters written upon it would
not be good； nor would they last long。 He then
rules lines that the writing may be straight。 All
these things you ought to do； if you wish to possess
the book which I have been displaying to you。'
At this time parchment was a very costly material。
We find it mentioned that Gui； Count of Nevers；
having sent a valuable present of plate to the Chartreux
of Paris； the unostentatious monks returned it
with a request that he would send them parchment
instead。〃
CHAPTER XXX。
MODERN INK BACKGROUNDS （TRUE PAPER）。
WHEN IT WAS THAT TRUE PAPER WAS INVENTEDCITATIONS
FROM MUNSELL ABOUT CHINESE AND OTHER
ANCIENT PAPERA SHORT CHRONOLOGY FROM THE
SAME AUTHORLINEN PAPER IN USE IN THE TWELFTH
CENTURYBOMBYCINE PAPERDEVELOPMENTS OF
THE MICROSCOPEMETHODS EMPLOYED IN ASCERTAINING
ORIGIN OF LINEN PAPER BY MEERMANSOME
OBSERVATIONS RELATIVE TO THE EVOLUTION OF PAPER
RAPID IMPROVEMENT IN QUALITY AFTER INVENTION
OF PRINTINGCURIOUS CUSTOMS IN THE USE OF THE
WATER MARKNO DISTINCTIONS IN QUALITY OF PAPER
USED FOR MSS。 OR OTHER BOOKSANECDOTES AND
OBSERVATIONS ABOUT THE WATER MARKITS VALUE
IN DETECTING FRAUDSINTERESTING ANECDOTE OF
ITS USE IN FABRICATING A FRAUDFULLER'S CHARACTERIZATION
OF THE PAPERS OF DIFFERENT COUNTRIESWHEN
THE FIRST PAPER MILL WAS ESTABLISHED
IN EUROPE FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF LINEN
PAPERDATE OF THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE FIRST
PAPER MILL IN AMERICAWHO FIRST SUGGESTED
WOOD AS A MATERIAL FOR MAKING PAPERSOME
NAMES OF AUTHORS ON THE SUBJECT OF PAPERSTORY
OF RAG PAPER INSTRUCTIVE AS WELL AS INTERESTING。
WHEN it was that the great change occurred and
true paper made of fibrous matter or rags reduced to
a pulp in water was invented has been a subject of
considerable thought and investigation。 Munsell； in
his 〃Chronology of Paper and Paper…Making；〃 credits
it to the Chinese； and estimates its date to be
included in the first century of the Christian era。 He
observes：
〃The Chinese paper is commonly supposed to
be made of silk； but this is a mistake。 Silk by
itself cannot be reduced to a pulp suitable for making
paper。 Refuse silk is said to be occasionally
used with other ingredients； but the greater part
of the Chinese paper is made from the inner bark
of the bamboo and mulberry tree； called by them
the paper tree； hempen rags； etc。 The latter are
prepared for paper by being cut and well washed
in tanks。 They are then bleached and dried； in
twelve days they are converted into a pulp； which
is then made into balls of about four pounds
weight。 These are afterwards saturated with
water； and made into paper on a frame of fine
reeds； and are dried by being pressed under large
stones。 A second drying operation is performed
by plastering the sheets on the walls of a room。
The sheets are then coated with gum size； and
polished with stones。 They also make paper from
cotton and linen rags； and a coarse yellow sort
from rice straw； which is used for wrapping。 They
are enabled to make sheets of a large size； the
mould on which the pulp is made into paper being
sometimes ten or twelve feet long and very wide；
and managed by means of Pulleys。
〃The Japanese prepare paper from the mulberry
as follows： in the month of December the twigs
are cut into lengths not exceeding thirty inches and
put together in bundles。 These fagots are then
placed upright in a large vessel containing alkaline
ley； and boiled till the bark shrinks so as to allow
about a half an inch of the wood to appear free at
the top。 After they are thus boiled they are exposed
to a cool atmosphere； and laid away for
future use。 When a sufficient quantity has been
thus collected； it is soaked in water three or four
days； when a blackish skin which covered it is
scraped off。 At the same time also the stronger
bark which is of a full year's growth is separated
from the thinner； which covered the younger
branches； and which yields the best and whitest
paper。 After it has been sufficiently cleansed out
and separated； it must be boiled in clear ley； and
if stirred frequently it soon becomes of a suitable
nature。
〃It is then washed； a process requiring much
attention and great skill and judgment； for if it
be not washed long enough； although strong and
of good body； will be coarse and of little value； if
washed too long it will afford a white paper； but
will be spongy and unfit for writing upon。 Having
been washed until it becomes a soft and woolly
pulp； it is spread upon a table and beat fine with a
mallet。 It is then put into a tub with an infusion
of rice and breni root； when the whole is stirred
until the ingredients are thoroughly mixed in a
mass of proper consistence。 The moulds on which
sheets are formed are made of reeds cut into narrow
strips instead of wire； and the process of dipping
is like that of other countries。 After being
allowed to remain a short time in heaps under a
slight pressure； the sheets are exposed to the sun；
by which they are properly dried。
〃The Arabians in the seventh century appear
to have either discovered or to have learned from
the Chinese or Hindoos； quite likely from the latter；
the art of making paper from cotton； for it is
known that a manufactory of such paper was established
at Samarcand about the year 706 A。 D； The
Arabians seem to have carried the art to Spain；
and to have there made paper from linen and hemp
as well as from cotton。
〃The art of manufacturing paper from cotton
is supposed to have found its way into Europe in
the eleventh century。 The first paper of that kind
was made of raw cotton； but its manufacture was
by the Arabians extended to old worn…out cotton；
and even to the smallest pieces it is said。 But as
there are cotton plants of various kinds； it was natural
that they should produce papers of different
qualities； and it was impossible to unite their
woolly particles so firmly as to form a strong substantial
paper； for want of sufficient skill and
proper machinery； using as they did mortars and
rude horse…mills。 The Greeks； it is said； made
use of cotton paper before the Latins。 It came
into Germany through Venice and was called Greek
parchment。
〃The Moors； who were the paper…makers of
Spain； having been expelled by the Spaniards；
the latter； acquainted with water mills； improved
the manufacture so as to produce a paper from
cotton nearly equal to that made of linen rags。〃
A chronology of paper relating to the earliest specimens
of them can also be found in Munsell's work on
that subject； several are here cited：
〃A。 D。 704。 The Arabians are supposed to
have acquired the knowledge of making paper of
cotton； by their conquests in Tartary。
〃A。 D。 706。 Casiri； a Spanish author； attributes
the invention of cotton