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the material costing seven shillings a pound。 Five
shillings each was paid the workman for making them；
this was afterward reduced to thirty…six shillings
per gross； which price was continued for several
years。
It was Joseph Gillott； however； originally a Sheffield
cutler； and afterwards a workman in light steel articles；
as buckles； chains； and other articles of that class； who
in 1822 gave impulse to the steel…pen manufacture。
Previous to his entering the business the pens were
cut out with shears and finished with the file。 Gillott
adapted the stamping press to the requirements of the
manufacture； as cutting out the blanks； forming the
slits； bending the metal； and impressing the maker's
name on the pens。 He also devised improved modes
of preparing the metal for the action of the press；
tempering； cleansing； and polishing； and； in short；
many little details of manufacture necessary to give
them the required flexibility to enable them to compete
with the quill pen。 One great difficulty to be
overcome was their extreme hardness and stiffness；
this was effected by making slits at the side in addition
to the central one； which had previously been
solely used。 A further improvement； that of cross
grinding the points； was subsequently adopted。 The
first gross of pens with three slits was sold for seven
pounds。 In 1830 the price was 2。00； in 1832； 1。50；
in 1861； 12 cents； and a common variety for 4 cents a
gross。 About 9；300 tons of steel are annually
consumed； the number of pens produced in England alone
being about 8；000；000；000。
Bramah patented quill nibs made by splitting
quills and cutting the semicylinders into sections
which were shaped into pens and adapted to be
placed in a holder。 These were； perhaps； the first
nibs； the progenitors of a host of steel； gold； and
other pens。
Hawkins and Mordan； in 1823； made nibs of horn
and tortoise shell； instead of quill。 The tortoise shell
being softened； points of ruby and diamond were imbedded。
Metallic points were also cemented to the
shell nibs。
Doughty； about 1825； made gold pens with ruby
points。
Gold pens with rhodium or iridium points were
introduced soon afterwards。
Mordan's oblique pen； English patent； 1831； was
designed to present the nibs in the right direction
while preserving the customary positions of the pen
and hand。
The fountain pen carries a supply of ink； fed gradually
to the point of the instrument。 The first made
by Scheffer was introduced about 1835 by Mordan。
The pressure of the thumb on a stud in a holder
caused a continuous supply of ink to flow from the
reservoir to the pen。
The 〃stylographic〃 is a reservoir pen shaped like
a pencil； in which the flow of ink is regulated by
pressure of a style or fine needle with blunt point
upon the paper。 It must be held in a vertical position。
All marks made with one； both up and down
strokes； are equal in width。
Gold pens are now usually tipped with iridium；
making what are commonly known as diamond points。
〃The iridium for this purpose is found in small
grains of platinum； slightly alloyed with this latter
metal。 The gold for pens is alloyed with silver to
about sixteen carats fineness； rolled into thin strips；
from which the blanks are struck。 The under side
of the point is notched by a small circular saw to
receive the iridium point； which is selected with the
aid of a microscope。 A flux of borax and a blowpipe
secure it to its place。 The point is then ground
on a copper wheel of emery。 The pen…blank is next
rolled to the requisite thinness by the means of rollers
especially adapted for the purpose； and tempered
by blows from a hammer。 It is then trimmed
around the edges； stamped； and formed in a press。
The slit is next cut through the solid iridium point
by means of a thin copper wheel fed with fine emery；
and a saw extends the aperture along the pen itself。
The inside edges of the slit are smoothed and polished
by the emery wheel； burnishing and hammering
produce the proper degree of elasticity。〃
It is asserted that more steel is used in the manufacture
of pens than in all the swords and guns in the
world。 This fact partly verifies the old saying； 〃The
pen is mightier than the sword。〃
〃Three things bear mighty sway with men；
The Sword； the Sceptre； and the Pen；
Who can the least of these command；
In the first rank of Fame will stand。〃
CHAPTER XXVII。
SUBSTITUTES FOR INK UTENSILS （〃LEAD〃 AND OTHER
PENCILS）。
〃BLACK…LEAD〃 PENCILS AN EXCELLENT PEN SUBSTITUTE
UNDER CERTAIN CONDITIONSITS COMPOSITION
〃BLACK…LEAD〃 CONTAINS NO LEAD； HENCE
THE NAME IS MISAPPLIEDTHE DISCOVERY OF ITS
PRINCIPAL SOURCE OF SUPPLY AN ACCIDENTA
DESCRIPTION OF HOW IT IS MINEDTREATMENT
BEFORE BEING INTRODUCED INTO THE GROOVED
WOODUSE OF RED AND BLACK CHALK PENCILS
IN GERMANY； 1450THEIR USE IN MEXICO IN EARLY
TIMESWHO MANUFACTURES LEAD PENCILSEMPLOYMENT
OF THE COMPOSITION OF LEAD AND TIN
IN MEDIAEVAL TIMESBAVARIAN GOVERNMENT IN
1816 A MANUFACTURER OF LEAD PENCILS。
THE black…lead pencil； under many circumstances；
is a very useful substitute for the pen； in that it
requires no liquid ink for marking the characters on
paper or other materials。 The peculiar substance
which fills the central channel of the stick of cedar
has the property of marking when it touches paper；
and； as the marks thus made are susceptible to easy
removal； a pencil of this kind is available for purposes
which would not be answered by the use of pen and ink。
The substance misnamed 〃black…lead〃 contains NO
LEAD and is a carburet of iron； being composed of
carbon and iron。 It generally occurs in Mountain districts；
in small kidney…shaped pieces； varying in size
from that of a pea upwards； which are interspersed
among various strata； and is met with in different
parts of the world。
Its principal source of supply until about 1845；
when it became exhausted； was the Borrowdale mine
in Cumberland； England； which was discovered in
1564。 About 1852 a number of mines were opened
containing this substance in Siberia and from which
place the best products are now obtained。
The accidental discovery of this mineral at Borrowdale
was during the reign of Queen Elizabeth who
made many inquiries about it。 The name of this
mineral was locally known as wad （graphite）。 So
valuable was it regarded that it commanded a very
high price； and this price acted as in inducement to
the workmen and others to pilfer pieces from the
mine。 For a number of years scenes of great commotion
took place； arising out of these depredations； and
the result was that the proprietors adopted such
stringent rules that hardly anything was known of
the internal economy of the mine till about sixty
years ago； when Mr。 Parkes gave a description of it；
from which I may condense a few particulars。
The mine is in the midst