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possess 〃record〃 qualities。 In 1833 he made innovations
following the lines laid down by Arnold and
also commenced the manufacture of a chemical writing
fluid； with indigo for 〃added〃 color。 Many
more 〃added〃 colors were employed at different
periods； like logwood and fustic； with the incorporation
of sugar； glucose； etc。 In the early fifties the
cheap grades of logwood ink after the formula of
Runge （1848） and which cost about four cents per
gallon was marketed； principally for school purposes；
it was never satisfactory； becoming thick and 〃color
fading。〃 Mr。 Davids made many experiments with
〃alizarin〃 inks in the early sixties but did not
consider them valuable enough to put on the market。
In 1875 the firm introduced violet ink made from the
aniline color of that name。 Experimentations in 1878
with the insoluble aniline blacks and vanadium were
unsuccessful； but the soluble aniline black （blue…
black） known as nigrosine they used and still use in
various combinations。 During this long period their
establishments have been in different locations。 From
No。 222 William street it was changed to Eighth
street； with the office at No。 26 Cliff street。 In 1854
the works were removed to New Rochelle； Westchester
county； N。 Y。 In 1856 the firm name was
Thaddeus Davids and Co。； Mr。 George Davids having
been admitted as a partner and their warehouse and
offices at this time were located at Nos。 127 and 129
William street； where a business of enormous proportions；
which includes the manufacture of thirty…three
inks and other products； is still carried on at the
present day under the name and style of 〃Thaddeus
Davids； Co。〃 The old 〃Davids' Steel Pen Ink〃 continues
to be manufactured from the original formula
and is the only tanno…gallate of iron ink they make；
WITHOUT 〃added〃 color。
The Paris house of 〃Antoine〃 as manufacturers of
writing inks dates from 1840。 They are best known
as the makers of the French copying ink； of a violet…
black color； made from logwood； which was first put
on the market in 1853 under the name of Encres
Japonaise。 In 1860 an agency was established in
New York City。 They make a large variety of writing
inks but do not offer for sale a tanno…gallate of
iron ink without 〃added〃 color。
〃Carter's〃 inks came into notoriety in 1861； by the
introduction of a 〃combined writing and copying
ink；〃 of the gall and iron type and included 〃added 〃
color。 It was the first innovation of this character。
At the end of the Civil War； John W。 Carter of Boston；
who had been an officer of the regular army；
purchased an interest in the business； associating with
himself Mr。 J。 P。 Dinsmore of New York； the firm
being known as Carter； Dinsmore & Co。； Boston； Mass。
In 1895 Mr。 Carter died and Mr。 Dinsmore retired
from the business。 The firm was then incorporated
under the style of 〃The Carter's Ink Co。〃 They do
an immense business and make all kinds of ink。 Of
the logwoods； 〃Raven Black〃 is best known。 When
the state of Massachusetts in 1894 decided that recording
officers must use a 〃gall〃 ink made after an
official formula； they competed with other manufacturers
for the privilege of supplying such an ink and
won it。 They do not offer for sale； however； 〃gall〃
ink WITHOUT added color。 Their laboratories are
magnificently equipped； the writer has had the pleasure
of collaborating with several of their expert chemists。
The 〃Fabers；〃 who date back to the year 1761； are
known all over the world as lead pencil makers。 They
also manufacture many inks and have done so since
1881； when they built now factories at Noisy…le…Sac；
near Paris。 Blue…black and violet…black writing and
copying inks of the class made by the 〃Antoines〃
are the principal kinds。 They do not offer for sale；
tanno…gallate of iron ink without 〃added〃 color。 A
branch house in New York City has remained since
1843。
〃Stafford's〃 violet combined writing and copying
ink was first placed on the New York market in
1869； though it was in 1858 that Mr。 S。 S。 Stafford；
the founder of the house； began the manufacture of
inks； which he has continued to do to the present
day。 His chemical writing fluids are very popular；
but he does not make a tanno…gallate of iron ink
without 〃added〃 color； for the trade。
Charles M。 Higgins of Brooklyn； N。 Y。； in 1880
commenced the manufacture of 〃carbon〃 inks for
engrossing； architectural and engineering purposes；
and has succeeded in producing an excellent liquid
〃Indian〃 ink； which will not lose its consistency
if kept from the air。 It can also be used as a writing
ink； if thinned down with water。 He does not
make a tanno…gallate of iron ink without 〃added〃
color。
Maynard and Noyes； whose inks were much
esteemed in this section for over fifty years； is no
longer in business； as is the case with many others well
known during the first half of the nineteenth century。
The enormous quantities of ink of every color；
quality and description made in the United States
almost surpasses belief。 It is said that the output for
home consumption alone exceeds twelve millions of
gallons per annum； and for export three thousand gallons
per annum。
It is very safe to affirm that less than 1/50 of 1 per
cent of this quantity represents a tanno…gallate of
iron ink WITHOUT 〃added〃 color。 Most colored inks
and 〃gall〃 ones which possess 〃added〃 color if
placed on paper under ordinary conditions will not
be visible a hundred years hence。
This statement of mine might be considered altogether
paradoxical were it not for associated evidential
facts； which by proving themselves have established
its correctness and truth。 To repeat one of them is
to refer to the report of Professors Baird and Markoe；
who examined for the state of Massachusetts all the
commercial inks on the market at that time。
〃As a conclusion； since the great mass of inks
on the market are not suitable for records； because
of their lack of body and because of the quantity of
unstable color which they contain； and because the
few whose coloring matters are not objectionable
are deficient in gall and iron or both； we would
strongly recommend that the State set its own
standard for the composition of inks to be used in
its offices and for its records。〃
An official ink modelled somewhat after the formula
employed by the government of Great Britain was
contracted for by the state of Massachusetts。 It read
as follows：
〃Take of pure； dry tannic acid； 23。4 parts by weight。
of crystal gallic acid； 7。7 parts。
of ferrous sulphate； 30。0 parts。
of gum arabic； 10。0 parts。
of diluted hydrochloric acid； 25。0 parts。
of carbolic acid； 1。0 part。
of water； sufficient to make up the mixture
at the temperature of 60 degrees F。
to the volume of 1；000 parts by
weight of water。〃
Such an ink prepared after this