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MANUFACTURERS OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY。
THE consideration of the effect of the use of ink
upon civilization from primitive times to the present；
as we have seen； offers a most suggestive field and
certifies to the importance of the manufacture of honest
inks as necessary to the future enlightenment of
society。 That it has not been fully understood or
even appreciated goes without saying； a proper generalization
becomes possible only in the light of corroborative
data and the experiences of the many。
History has not given us the names of ancient ink
makers； but we can believe there must have been
during a period of thousands of years a great many；
and that the kinds and varieties of inks were without
number。 Those inks which remain to us are to be
found only as written with on ancient MSS。； they
are of but few kinds； and in composition and appearance
preserve a phenomenal identity； though belonging
to countries and epochs widely separated。 This
identity leads to the further conclusion that ink making
must have been an industry at certain periods；
overlooked by careful compounders who distributed
their wares over a vast territory。
〃Gall〃 ink and 〃linen〃 paper as already stated are
Asiatic inventions。 Both of them seem to have entered
Europe by way of Arabia； 〃hand in hand〃 at the very
end of the eleventh or beginning of the twelfth centuries
and for the next two hundred years； notwithstanding
the fact that chemistry was almost an unknown science
and the secrets of the alchemists known only to the
few； this combination gradually came into general
vogue。
In the fourteenth century we find one or both of
them more or less substituted for 〃Indian〃 ink； parchment；
vellum and 〃cotton〃 paper。 It was； however；
the monks and scribes who manufactured for their
own and assistants' use 〃gall〃 ink； just as they had
been in the habit of preparing 〃Indian〃 ink when
required； which so far as known was not always a
commodity。
As an industry it can be said to have definitely
begun when the French government recognized the
necessity for one； A。 D。 1625； by giving a contract
for 〃a great quantity of 'gall ink' to Guyot；〃 who
for this reason seems to occupy the unique position
of the father of the modern ink industry。
Ink manufacture as a growing industry heretofore
and to a large extent at present； occupies a peculiarly
anomalous situation。 Other industries follow the law
of evolution which may perhaps bear criticism； but
the ink industry follows none； nor does it even pretend
to possess any。
Thousands are engaged in its pursuit； few of whom
understand either ink chemistry or ink phenomena。
The consumer knows still less； and with blind confidence
placidly accepts nondescript compounds labeled
〃Ink；〃 whether purchased at depots or from 〃combined〃
itinerant manufacturing peddlers and with
them write or sign documents which some day may
disturb millions of property。 And yet in a comparative
sense it has outpaced all other industries。
With the commencement of the eighteenth century
we find the industry settling in Dresden； Chemnitz；
Amsterdam； Berlin； Elberfield and Cologne。 Still
later in London； Vienna； Paris； Edinburgh and Dublin；
and in the first half of the nineteenth century in
the United States； it had begun to make considerable
progress。
Among the first pioneers of the later modern ink
industry abroad； may be mentioned the names of
Stephens； Arnold； Blackwood； Ribaucourt； Stark；
Lewis； Runge； Leonhardi； Gafford； Bottger； Lipowitz；
Geissler； Jahn； Van Moos； Ure； Schmidt； Haenle； Elsner；
Bossin； Kindt； Trialle； Morrell； Cochrane； Antoine；
Faber； Waterlous； Tarling； Hyde； Thacker； Mordan；
Featherstone； Maurin； Triest and Draper。
In the period covered by the nineteenth century
at home； the legitimate industry included over 300
ink makers。 Those best known are Davids； Maynard
and Noyes； Carter； Underwood； Stafford； Moore； Davis；
Thomas； Sanford； Barnes； Morrell； Walkden； Lyons；
Freeman； Murray； Todd； Bonney； Pomeroy； Worthington；
Joy； Blair； Cross； Dunlap； Higgins； Paul； Anderson；
Woodmansee； Delang； Allen； Stearns； Gobel； Wallach；
Bartram； Ford and Harrison。
The ink phenomena included in the past eighty
years has demonstrated a continuing retrogression in
ink manufacture and a consequent deterioration of
necessary ink qualities。 When the attention of some
ink makers are addressed to these sad facts； they
attribute them； either to the demand of the public
for an agreeable color and a free flowing ink； or to an
inability to compete with inferior substitutes； which
have flooded the market since the discovery of the
coal tar colors； they have been compelled to depart
from old and tried formulas； in the extravagant use
（misuse） of the so…called 〃added〃 color。
An exceptional few of the older firms continue to
catalogue unadulterated 〃gall〃 inks； but the demand
for them except in localities where the law
COMPELS their employment； is only little。
Interesting deductions can be made from the accompanying
brief sketches of the leading ink manufacturers
of the world。
The 〃Arnold〃 brand of inks possesses a worldwide
reputation； although not always known by that
name； beginning A。 D。 1724 under the style of R。
Ford； and continuing until 1772； when the firm name
was changed to William Green & Co。 In 1809 it became
J。 & J。 Arnold； who were succeeded in 1814 by
Pichard and John Arnold； the firm name by which it
is known at the present day。 This last named concern
located at 59 Barbican； on the site of the old
City Hall in London； and later moved to their present
address； No。 155 Aldersgate street。 The inks made
by the 〃fathers〃 of the firm were 〃gall〃 inks WITHOUT
〃added〃 color。 At the commencement of the nineteenth
century we find them making tanno…gallate of
iron inks to which were added extractive matter from
logwood and other materials to form thick fluids for
shipment to Brazil； India and the countries where
brushes or reeds were used as writing instruments。
For the more civilized portions of the world similar
inks but of an increased fluidity were supplied； that
the quill pens might be employed。 The demands for
still more fluid inks which would permit the use of
steel pens； resulted in the modern blue…black chemical
writing fluid； the 〃added〃 blue portion being
indigo in some form。 It was first put on the market
in 1830。 They manufacture over thirty varieties of
ink； but only one real 〃gall〃 ink without 〃added〃 color。
In the early part of May； 1824； Thaddeus Davids
started his ink factory at No。 222 William street；
New York City。 His first and best effort was a
strictly pure tanno…gallate of iron ink； which he
placed on the market in 1827 under the name of
〃Steel Pen Ink；〃 guaranteed to write black and to
possess 〃record〃 qualities。 In 1833 he made innovations
following the lines laid down by Arn