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among its more prominent disadvantages。〃
* * * * * * * *
〃Fire…proof ink for writing or printing on
incombustible paper is made according to the following
recipe： Graphite； finely ground； 22 drams；
copal or other resinous gum； 12 grains； sulphate
of iron； 2 drams； tincture of nutgalls； 2 drams；
and sulphate of indigo； 8 drams。 These substances
are thoroughly mixed and boiled in water；
and the ink thus obtained is said to be both fire…
proof and insoluble in water。 When any other
color but black is desired； the graphite is replaced
by an earthly mineral pigment of the desired color。〃
* * * * * * * *
〃Ineradicable Writing。A French technical
paper； specially devoted to the art and science of
paper manufacture； states that any alterations or
falsifications of writings in ordinary ink maybe rendered
impossible by passing the paper upon which
it is intended to write through a solution of one milligram
（0。01543 English grain） of gallic acid in as
much pure distilled water as will fill to a moderate
depth an ordinary soup…plate。 After the paper thus
prepared has become thoroughly dry； it may be
used as ordinary paper for writing； but any attempt
made to alter； falsify； or change anything written
thereon； will be left perfectly visible； and may thus
be readily detected。〃
* * * * * * * *
〃Exchequer Ink。To 40 pounds of galls； add
10 pounds of gum； 9 pounds of copperas； and 45
gallons of soft water。 This ink will endure for
centuries。〃
* * * * * * * *
〃Take of oil of lavender； 120 grains； of copal
in powder； 17 grains； red sulphuret of mercury； 60
grains。 The oil of lavender being dissipated with
a gentle heat； a colour will be left on the paper
surrounded with the copal； a substance insoluble
in water； spirits； acids； or alkaline solutions。
〃This composition possesses a permanent colour；
and a MSS。 written with it； may be exposed to the
process commonly used for restoring the colour of
printed books； without injury to the writing。 In
this manner interpolations with common ink may
be removed。〃
* * * * * * * *
Boil parchment slips or cuttings of glove
leather； in water till it forms a size； which； when
cool； becomes of the consistence of jelly； then；
having blackened an earthern plate； by holding it
over the flame of a candle； mix up with a camel
hair pencil； the fine lamp…black thus obtained； with
some of the above size； while the plate is still
warm。 This black requires no grinding； and produces
an ink of the same colour； which works as
fregy with the pencil； and is as perfectly
transparent as the best Indian ink。〃
* * * * * * * *
〃Instead of water use brandy； with the same
ingredients which enter into the composition of
any ink； and it will never freeze。〃
* * * * * * * *
〃Bacteria in InkAccording to experiments
which have recently been completed at Berlin and
Leipzig by the leading bacteriologists of Germany
the ordinary inks literally teem with bacilla of a
dangerous character； the bacteria taken therefrom
sufficing to kill mice and rabbits inoculated therewith
in the space of from one to three days。〃
* * * * * * * *
〃The most easy and neat method of forming
letters of gold on paper； and for ornaments of
writing is； by the gold ammoniac； as it was formerly
called： the method of managing which is as
follows：
〃Take gum ammoniacum； and powder it； and
then dissolve it in water previously impregnated
with a little gum arabic； and some juice of garlic。
The gum ammoniacum will not dissolve in water；
so as to form a transparent fluid； but produces a
milky appearance； from whence the mixture is
called in medicine the lac ammoniacum。 With the
lac ammoniacum thus prepared； draw with a pencil；
or write with a pen on paper； or vellum； the
intended figure or letters of the gilding。 Suffer the
paper to dry； and then； or any time afterwards；
breath on it till it be moistened； and immediately
lay leaves of gold； or parts of leaves cut in the
most advantageous manner to save the gold； over
the parts drawn or written upon with the lac
ammoniacum； and press them gently to the paper
with a ball of cotton or soft leather。 When the
paper becomes dry； which a short time or gentle
heat will soon effect； brush off； with a soft pencil；
or rub off by a fine linen rag； the redundant gold
which covered the parts between the lines of the
drawing or writing； and the finest hair strokes of
the pencil or pen； as well as the broader； will appear
perfectly gilt。〃
It is usual to see in old manuscripts； that are highly
ornamented； letters of gold which rise considerably
from the surface of the paper or parchment containing
them in the manner of embossed work； and of these
some are less shining； and others have a very high
polish。 The method of producing these letters is of
two kinds； the one by friction on a proper body with
a solid piece of gold： the other by leaf gold。 The
method of making these letters by means of solid gold
is as follows：
〃Take chrystal； and reduce it to powder。 Temper
it then with strong gum water； till it be of the
consistence of paste； and with this form the letters；
and； when they are dry； rub them with a
piece of gold of good colour； as in the manner of
polishing； and the letters will appear as if gilt with
burnisht gold。〃
（Kunckel； in his fifty curious experiments； has given
this receipt； but omitted to take the least notice of
the manner these letters are to be formed； though
the most difficult circumstance in the production of
them。）
CHAPTER XXII。
INK INDUSTRY。
IMPORTANCE OF HONEST INK MANUFACTUREABSENCE
OF INFORMATION AS TO NAMES OF MOST ANCIENT INK
MAKERS；WHERE TO LOOK FOR ANCIENT INKTHEIR
PHENOMENAL IDENTITYINK AND PAPER AS ASIATIC
INVENTIONS ENTER EUROPE IN THE TWELFTH CENTURY
BOTH IN GENERAL USE IN THE FOURTEENTH
CENTURYMONKS AND SCRIBES AS THEIR OWN INK
MANUFACTURERSMODERN INDUSTRY OF INK BEGINS
IN 1625ITS GROWTH AND PRESENT SITUATIONTHE
GENERAL IGNORANCE OF THE SUBJECTINK INDUSTRY
IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURYTHE FIRST PIONEERS
ABROAD AND THOSE AT HOMEOBSERVATIONS
RESPECTING INK PHENOMENA OF THE PAST EIGHTY
YEARSWHAT SOME INK MAKERS SAY ABOUT ITLITTLE
DEMAND FOR PURE INKSSOME SKETCHES OF THE
LEADING INK MANUFACTURERS OF THE WORLDESTIMATION
OF QUANTITY OF INK MADE IN THE UNITED
STATESTHE 〃LIFE〃 OF A MARK MADE WITH ORDINARY
WRITING FLUIDESTIMATION OF MOST INKS BY PROFESSORS
BAIRD AND MARKOEFORMULA OF THE OFFICIAL
INK OF THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTSVIEWS
OF SOME PROMINENT INK MANUFACTURERS ABOUT
SUCH INKSOME COMMERCIAL NAMES BESTOWED ON
DIFFERENT INKSTHE 200 OR MORE NAMES OF INK
MANUFACTURERS OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY。
THE consideration of the effect of the use of in