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forty centuries of ink-第40章

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Auguste Peret; author of 〃The Manufacture of Ink;〃

1891; has put together a lot of excellent material relative

to ink…making and valuable for reference purposes。



The late Dr。 William E。 Hagan of Troy; New York;

in 1894 issued his book; 〃Disputed Hand…writing。〃

He devotes two chapters to the discussion of ancient

and modern inks and their chemistry。 He has been

kind enough to quote the writer as the first to remove

ink in open court with chemicals in order to determine

the existence of pencil writing beneath the ink。

The pencil being carbon was not affected thereby and

with the subsequent restoration of the bleached ink

by the use of the correct re…agent。



In the same year Dr。 Persifor Frazer of Philadelphia

published his 〃Manual of the Study of Documents。〃

A few pages are given to the study of inks;

and a part thereof is devoted to the researches of

Carre; Hager; Baudrimont; Tarry; Chevallier and

Lassaigne; to determine suspected forgeries。 The

chapter on 〃the sequence in crossed lines;〃 where he

indicates his method of determining which of two

crossed ink lines was written first; is both original and

a real contribution to science。



Alfred H。 Allen; F。 C。 S。; of England; perhaps the

highest authority on the subject of tannins; dyes and

coloring matters in his 〃Commercial Organic Analysis;〃

revised and edited by Professor J。 Merritt Mathews

of Pennsylvania; edition of 1900; devotes eight

pages to the subject of the 〃Examination of Ink

Marks。〃 He says:



〃Ordinary writing ink was formerly always

made from a decoction of galls; to which green

vitriol was added。 Of late; the composition of

writing inks has become far less constant; aniline

and other dyes being frequently employed; and

other metallic salts substituted for the ferrous…

sulphate formerly invariably used。 The best black

ink is a tanno…gallate of iron; obtained by adding

an infusion of nut…galls to a solution of ferrous…

sulphate (copperas)。〃



In 1897 the author in a paper read before the New

York State Bar Association at Albany; entitled 〃A

Plea for the Preservation of the Public Records;〃 discussed

the question of the stability of inks and their

phenomena and took occasion to make recommendations

as to their constitution and future methods of

employment。 A vote of thanks was adopted and the

association referred the paper to the Committee on

Law Reform; where no doubt it still slumbers。







CHAPTER XVI。



ENDURING INK。



ASCERTAINMENT OF A CORRECT INK FORMULA THE WORK

OF OVER A CENTURYCHARACTER OF THE EVIDENCE

WHICH ESTABLISHES ITTHE INVESTIGATIONS OF

THE AUTHOR IN THIS DIRECTION AND COMPARISON

WITH THOSE OF COMMISSIONER SWANELIMINATION

OF THE 〃ADDED〃 COLORS AND THEIR ORIGIN

DISCUSSION OF THE RELATIVE MERITS OF LAMPBLACK;

MADDER AND INDIGOTHE DURABLE VIRTUES OF

INDIGO WHEN EMPLOYED ALONECAUSE OF THE

BROWNING OF INKSLONGEVITY OF INK DUE TO

VEHICLE WHICH CARRIES ITWHEN PERFECT INK

WILL BE INVENTED。



TO ascertain the correct formula of a substantially

permanent ink; as we have learned; has been the aim

during a century or more; of able chemists; manufacturers

and laymen。 Their experiments and study of

ancient and modern documents all point unerringly

in the direction of an ink containing iron and galls。



Accumulated evidence may be said to establish

itself in the light of investigation and experience and

becomes more and more a certainty when considered;

reviewed and discussed in connection with a chronological

history of the 〃gall〃 inks since they came

into semi…official and other uses centuries ago。

Descriptions of MSS。 containing ink writings hundreds

of years old; many of them as legible as when first

written; are silent witnesses whose testimony cannot

be assailed。 Such information when assembled

together minimizes many of the conditions which have

existed and interposed in preventing during the last

four decades a general adoption or re…adoption of

such a tanno…gallate of iron ink; the lasting qualities

of which some of our forefathers estimated would;

and as we know have stood the test of time。



Assuming this character of ink to have been employed

in past centuries; the cause or causes for the

differentiations in respect to color and durability become

of paramount importance。



The investigations of the writer in this direction;

while in some respects traveling the same road followed

by others; diverged from them and has been

more in the nature of a comparative analytical and

microscopic examination of ancient with ancient and

modern with modern documents in connection with

numerous chemical experiments; the manufacture of

hundreds of inks and the study of their time and

other phenomena。



To accomplish this; ancient documents not written

with 〃Indian〃 ink; but with those obviously containing

combinations of iron and galls or other tannins;

were selected and grouped into color families。

They began with the fourteenth century; continuing

well into the nineteenth; to the number of nearly

four hundred; each of them of a different date

and different year。 Some of them were so pale

and indistinct as to be illegible; others less so

and by gradual steps they approached to a definite

black; many of them as rich and deep in color as if

they had been written not centuries ago but within

a few years。 Signatures on the same document represented

different degrees of color; so that the question

of the material on which the writing appeared affecting

the appearance of the ink; was not a factor; but

the difference in the inks used to make the signatures

was the determining factor。



At this point it may be noted that the investigations

conducted by Mr。 Swan before referred to and those

by the writer and the resultant observations of each

were substantially alike。 Many of the writer's; however;

preceded those of Mr。 Swan's; for during the

years 1885 and 1886; having had the custody of part

of the Archives of the City of New York there were

many opportunities to study this subject which were

taken advantage of; before and after which time

frequent examinations were made of writings much

more ancient than those pertaining to New York。



Assuming a second premise was to assert that the

inks employed in the writing of these documents

were 〃straight〃 or possessed some 〃added〃 pigment

or color。 Again; the vehicles to hold the particles or

possibly preserving substances; might be factors。



All literature possible referring to ink formulas

was examined to ascertain the names of materials

recommended or formerly 〃added〃 to gall inks; because

if the pristineness of the blacker inks was due

to the added pigment it was a safe proposition that it

was still existent in the ink; and that if it could be

discovered part at least of the problem would be;

simplified。



The 〃added〃 color compounds; excluding those of

the aniline famil
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