按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页，按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页，按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部！
————未阅读完？加入书签已便下次继续阅读！
to 〃The Universal Penman。〃
1725。
Edward Dawson； writing master and contributor
to 〃The Universal Penman。〃
1726。
Moses Gratwick； writing master and contributor
to 〃The Universal Penman。〃
1727。
John Langton； 〃The Italien Hand。〃
1728。
John Day； writing master and contributor to
〃The Universal Penman。〃
1729。
Gabriel Brooks； writing master and contributor
to； 〃The Universal Penman。〃
1730。
William Keppax； writing master and contributor
to 〃The Universal Penman。〃
1730。
John Bland； 〃Essay in Writing。〃 Also contributor
to 〃The Universal Penman。〃
1730。
Solomon Cook； 〃The Modish Round Hand。〃
1730。
William Leckey； 〃A Discourse on the Use of
the Pen。〃 Contributor to 〃The Universal Penman。〃
1730。
Peter Norman； writing master and contributor
to 〃The Universal Penman。〃
1730。
Wellington Clark； writing master and contributor
to 〃The Universal Penman。〃
1730。
Zachary Chambers； 〃Vive la Plume。〃 Contributor
to 〃The Universal Penman。〃
1733。
Bright Whilton； writing master and contributor
to 〃The Universal Penman。〃
1734。
Timothy Treadway； writing master and contributor
to 〃The Universal Penman。〃
1738。
George J。 Bickham； writing master； also wrote
for 〃Bickham's Universal Penman。〃
1739。
Emanuel Austin； writing master； he wrote 22
pages in 〃The Universal Penman。〃
1739。
Samuel Vaux； writing master and contributor
to 〃The Universal Penman。〃
1740。
Jeremiah Andrews； writing master and tutor
to King George III。
1740。
Nathaniel Dove； 〃The Progress of Time；〃 and
contributor to 〃The Universal Penman。〃
1741。
John Blande； 〃Essay in Writing； 1730； contributor
to 〃The Universal Penman。〃
1741。
Richard Morris； writing master and contributor
to 〃The Universal Penman。〃
1747。
Mary Johns； microscopic writer and author。
1749。
Charles Woodham； 〃A Specimen of Writing；
in the most Useful Hands now Practised in England。〃
1750。
John Oldfield； 〃Honesty。〃 He wrote one piece
in 〃The Universal Penman。〃
1750。
Joseph Champion； 〃The Parallel or Comparative
Penmanship。〃 1762； 〃The Living Hands。〃
1751。
Edward Lloyd； 〃Young Merchants Assistant。〃
1758。
Richard Clark； 〃Practical and Ornamental Penmanship。〃
1760。
Benjamin Webb； writer of copy books； etc。
1762。
William Chinnery； 〃The Compendious Emblematist。〃
1763。
William Massey； 〃The Origin and Progress of
Letters；〃 containing valuable information
about the art。
1769。
John Gardner； 〃Introduction to the Counting
House。〃
1780。
Edward Powell； writing master and designer。
1784。
E。 Butterworth； 〃The Universal Penman〃 in
two parts； published in Edinburgh。
1795。
William Milns； 〃The Penman's Repository。〃
1799。
William G。 Wheatcroft； 〃The Modern Penman。〃
1814。
John Carstairs； 〃Tachygraphy； or the Flying
Pen。〃 2。 〃Writing made easy； etc。〃
Illustrated works on the subject of penmanship of
contemporaneous times and not of English origin are
but few。 The best known are：
1543。
Luduvico Vicentino； 〃A Copy book〃 published
in Rome； seems to have been the first。
1570。
Il perfetto Scrittore （The Perfect Writer） by
Francesco Cresci； published in Rome。
1605。
Spieghel der Schrijkfkonste （or Mirror of
Penmanship） written by Van den Velde； published
in Amsterdam。
1612。
〃Writing and Ink Recipes；〃 by Peter Caniparius；
Venice and London。
1700。
Der Getreue Schreibemeister （or True Writing
Master）； by Johann Friedr Vicum； published
in Dresden。
From 1602 to 1709 many 〃Indian〃 ink specimens
were extant and are still of the different schools of
penmanship。 The productions of Phrysius； Materot and
Barbedor illustrating the French style； Vignon； Sellery
and others； for the Italian hand； and Overbique and
Smythers for the German text； and Ambrosius Perlengh
and Hugo； with a few more； complete the list。
CHAPTER XII。
STUDY OF INK。
LACK OF INTEREST AS TO THE COMPOSITION OF INK DURING
PART OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURYTHE CONDITIONS
WHICH THEN PREVAILED NEARLY THE SAME AS
THE PRESENT TIMECHEMISTRY OF INK NOT UNDERSTOOD
THIS LACK OF INFORMATION NOT CONFINED TO
ANY PARTICULAR COUNTRYLEWIS； IN 1765； BEGINS
A SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION ON THE SUBJECT OF INKS
THE RESULTS AND HIS CONCLUSIONS PUBLISHED IN
1797THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND IN 1787 RECEIVES
COMPLAINTS ABOUT THE INFERIORITY OF INKS
ITS SECRETARY READS A PAPER THE SAME YEARTHE
PAPER CITED IN FULLDR。 BOSTOCK IN 1830 COMMUNICATES
TO THE SOCIETY OF ARTS WHAT HE ESTIMATES
TO BE THE CAUSES OF IMPERFECTIONS IN INK
ACTION OF THE FRENCH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
COMPLICATIONS SURROUNDING THE MANUFACTURE OF INK
ONLY THIRTY…FIVE YEARS AGO。
THE increasing demands for ink； and the lack of interest
as to its composition during the eighteenth
century； if viewed in the same lights which prevail in
our own times； permitted the general manufacture of
cheap grades of ink which possessed no very lasting
qualities。 The chemistry of Inks was not fully understood；
indeed we find Professer Turner of the College
of Edinburgh declaring in 1827：
〃Gallic acid was discovered by Scheele in 1786；
and exists ready formed in the bark of many trees；
and in gall…nuts。 It is always associated with
tannin； a substance to which it is allied in a manner
hitherto unexplained。 It is distinguished from
tannin by causing no precipitate in a solution of
gelatine。 With a salt of iron it forms a dark blue
coloured compound； which is the basis of ink。 The
finest colour is procured when the peroxide and
protoxide of iron are mixed together。 This character
distinguishes gallic acid from every other substance
excepting tannin。〃
The general lack of information or knowledge respecting
ink chemistry or its time…phenomena was not
confined to any particular country； and it does not
appear that any general or specific attention was
scientifically directed to it until 1765； when William
Lewis； F。 R。 S。； an English chemist； publicly announced
that he proposed to investigate the subject。
His experimentations covered a period of many years
and their results and his theories as to the phenomena
of inks were published in 1797。 The most valuable
of his conclusions were that an excess of iron salt in
the ink is detrimental to color permanence （such ink
becoming brown on exposure） and also that acetic
acid in the menstruum provides an ink of greater
body and blackness than sulphuric acid does （a circumstance
due to the smaller resistance of acetic acid
to the formation of iron gallo…tannate）。 Many of his
other observations were later shown to have been
erroneous。 Dr。 Lewis was the first to ad