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The character of Arabanoo； as far as we had developed it； was distinguished by a portion of gravity and steadiness； which our subsequent acquaintance with his countrymen by no means led us to conclude a national characteristic。 In that daring； enterprising frame of mind； which； when combined with genius； constitutes the leader of a horde of savages； or the ruler of a people； boasting the power of discrimination and the resistance of ambition； he was certainly surpassed by some of his successors； who afterwards lived among us。 His countenance was thoughtful； but not animated： his fidelity and gratitude； particularly to his friend the governor； were constant and undeviating； and deserve to be recorded。 Although of a gentle and placable temper； we early discovered that he was impatient of indignity； and allowed of no superiority on our part。 He knew that he was in our power； but the independence of his mind never forsook him。 If the slightest insult were offered to him； he would return it with interest。 At retaliation of merriment he was often happy； and frequently turned the laugh against his antagonist。 He did not want docility； but either from the difficulty of acquiring our language； from the unskillfulness of his teachers； or from some natural defect； his progress in learning it was not equal to what we had expected。 For the last three or four weeks of his life； hardly any restraint was laid upon his inclinations： so that had he meditated escape； he might easily have effected it。 He was； perhaps； the only native who was ever attached to us from choice； and who did not prefer a precarious subsistence among wilds and precipices； to the comforts of a civilized system。
By his death； the scheme which had invited his capture was utterly defeated。 Of five natives who had been brought among us； three had perished from a cause which； though unavoidable； it was impossible to explain to a people； who would condescend to enter into no intercourse with us。 The same suspicious dread of our approach； and the same scenes of vengeance acted on unfortunate stragglers； continued to prevail。
CHAPTER V。
Transactions of the Colony until the Close of the Year 1789。
The anniversary of his majesty's birth…day was celebrated； as heretofore； at the government…house； with loyal festivity。 In the evening； the play of 'The Recruiting Officer' was performed by a party of convicts； and honoured by the presence of his excellency； and the officers of the garrison。 That every opportunity of escape from the dreariness and dejection of our situation should be eagerly embraced； will not be wondered at。 The exhilarating effect of a splendid theatre is well known： and I am not ashamed to confess； that the proper distribution of three or four yards of stained paper； and a dozen farthing candles stuck around the mud walls of a convict…hut； failed not to diffuse general complacency on the countenances of sixty persons； of various descriptions； who were assembled to applaud the representation。 Some of the actors acquitted themselves with great spirit； and received the praises of the audience： a prologue and an epilogue； written by one of the performers； were also spoken on the occasion； which； although not worth inserting here； contained some tolerable allusions to the situation of the parties； and the novelty of a stage…representation in New South Wales。
Broken Bay； which was supposed to be completely explored； became again an object of research。 On the sixth instant； the governor； accompanied by a large party in two boats； proceeded thither。 Here they again wandered over piles of mis…shapen desolation； contemplating scenes of wild solitude； whose unvarying appearance renders them incapable of affording either novelty or gratification。 But when they had given over the hope of farther discovery； by pursuing the windings of an inlet； which； from its appearance； was supposed to be a short creek； they suddenly found themselves at the entrance of a fresh water river； up which they proceeded twenty miles； in a westerly direction； and would have farther prosecuted their research； had not a failure of provisions obliged them to return。 This river they described to be of considerable breadth； and of great depth； but its banks had hitherto presented nothing better than a counterpart of the rocks and precipices which surround Broken Bay。
June； 1789。 A second expedition； to ascertain its course； was undertaken by his excellency； who now penetrated （measuring by the bed of the river） between 60 and 70 miles； when the farther progress of the boats was stopped by a fall。 The water in every part was found to be fresh and good。 Of the adjoining country； the opinions of those who had inspected it （of which number I was not） were so various； that I shall decline to record them。 Some saw a rich and beautiful country； and others were so unfortunate as to discover little else than large tracts of low land； covered with reeds； and rank with the inundations of the stream； by which they had been recently covered。 All parties； however； agreed； that the rocky； impenetrable country； seen on the first excursion； had ended nearly about the place whence the boats had then turned back。 Close to the fall stands a very beautiful hill； which our adventurers mounted； and enjoyed from it an extensive prospect。 Potatoes； maize； and garden seeds of various kinds were put into the earth； by the governor's order； on different parts of Richmond…hill； which was announced to be its name。 The latitude of Richmond…hill； as observed by captain Hunter； was settled at 33 degrees 36 minutes south。
Here also the river received the name of Hawkesbury； in honour of the noble lord who bears that title。
Natives were found on the banks in several parts； many of whom were labouring under the smallpox。 They did not attempt to commit hostilities against the boats； but on the contrary shewed every sign of welcome and friendship to the strangers。
At this period； I was unluckily invested with the command of the outpost at Rose Hill； which prevented me from being in the list of discoverers of the Hawkesbury。 Stimulated； however； by a desire of acquiring a further knowledge of the country； on the 26th instant； accompanied by Mr。 Arndell； assistant surgeon of the settlement； Mr。 Lowes； surgeon's mate of the 'Sirius'； two marines； and a convict； I left the redoubt at day…break； pointing our march to a hill； distant five miles； in a westerly or inland direction； which commands a view of the great chain of mountains； called Carmarthen hills； extending from north to south farther than the eye can reach。 Here we paused； surveying 〃the wild abyss； pondering our voyage。〃 Before us lay the trackless immeasurable desert； in awful silence。 At length； after consultation； we determined to steer west and by north； by compass； the make of the land in that quarter indicating the existence of a river。 We continued to march all day through a country untrodden before by an European foot。 Save that a melancholy crow now and then flew croaking over head； or a kangaroo was seen to bound at a distance； the picture of solitude was complete and undisturbed。 At four o'clock in the afternoo