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ith being understood。 They inflect both their nouns and verbs regularly； and denote the cases of the former and the tenses of the latter； not like the English by auxiliary words； but like the Latins by change of termination。 Their nouns； whether substantive or adjective； seem to admit of no plural。 I have heard Mr。 Dawes hint his belief of their using a dual number； similar to the Greeks； but I confess that I never could remark aught to confirm it。 The method by which they answer a question that they cannot resolve is similar to what we sometimes use。 Let for example the following question be put： 'Waw Colbee yagoono？'Where is Colbee to…day？ 'Waw； baw！'Where； indeed！ would be the reply。 They use a direct and positive negative； but express the affirmative by a nod of the head or an inclination of the body。
Opinions have greatly differed； whether or not their language be copious。 In one particular it is notoriously defective。 They cannot count with precision more than four。 However as far as ten； by holding up the fingers； they can both comprehend others and explain themselves。 Beyond four every number is called great； and should it happen to be very large； great great； which is an Italian idiom also。 This occasions their computations of time and space to be very confused and incorrect。 Of the former they have no measure but the visible diurnal motion of the sun or the monthly revolution of the moon。
To conclude the history of a people for whom I cannot but feel some share of affection。 Let those who have been born in more favoured lands and who have profited by more enlightened systems； compassionate； but not despise their destitute and obscure situation。 Children of the same omniscient paternal care； let them recollect that by the fortuitous advantage of birth alone they possess superiority： that untaught； unaccommodated man is the same in Pall Mall as in the wilderness of New South Wales。 And ultimately let them hope and trust that the progress of reason and the splendor of revelation will in their proper and allotted season be permitted to illumine and transfuse into these desert regions； knowledge； virtue and happiness。
CHAPTER XVIII。
Observations on the Convicts。
A short account of that class of men for whose disposal and advantage the colony was principally； if not totally； founded； seems necessary。
If it be recollected how large a body of these people are now congregated in the settlement of Port Jackson and at Norfolk Island； it will； I think； not only excite surprise but afford satisfaction； to learn； that in a period of four years few crimes of a deep dye or of a hardened nature have been perpetrated。 Murder and unnatural sins rank not hitherto in the catalogue of their enormities； and one suicide only has been committed。
To the honour of the female part of our community let it be recorded that only one woman has suffered capital punishment。 On her condemnation she pleaded pregnancy； and a jury of venerable matrons was impanneled on the spot； to examine and pronounce her state； which the forewoman； a grave personage between sixty and seventy years old； did； by this short address to the court； 'Gentlemen！ she is as much with child as I am。' Sentence was accordingly passed； and she was executed。
Besides the instance of Irving； two other male convicts； William Bloodsworth； of Kingston upon Thames； and John Arscott； of Truro； in Cornwall； were both emancipated for their good conduct； in the years 1790 and 1791。 Several men whose terms of transportation had expired； and against whom no legal impediment existed to prevent their departure； have been permitted to enter in merchant ships wanting hands： and as my Rose Hill journals testify； many others have had grants of land assigned to them； and are become settlers in the country。
In so numerous a community many persons of perverted genius and of mechanical ingenuity could not but be assembled。 Let me produce the following example。 Frazer was an iron manufacturer； bred at Sheffield； of whose abilities as a workman we had witnessed many proofs。 The governor had written to England for a set of locks to be sent out for the security of the public stores； which were to be so constructed as to be incapable of being picked。 On their arrival his excellency sent for Frazer and bade him examine them telling him at the same time that they could not be picked。 Frazer laughed and asked for a crooked nail only； to open them all。 A nail was brought； and in an instant he verified his assertion。 Astonished at his dexterity； a gentleman present determined to put it to farther proof。 He was sent for in a hurry； some days after； to the hospital； where a lock of still superior intricacy and expense to the others had been provided。 He was told that the key was lost and that the lock must be immediately picked。 He examined it attentively； remarked that it was the production of a workman； and demanded ten minutes to make an instrument 'to speak with it。' Without carrying the lock with him； he went directly to his shop； and at the expiration of his term returned； applied his instrument； and open flew the lock。 But it was not only in this part of his business that he excelled： he executed every branch of it in superior style。 Had not his villainy been still more notorious than his skill； he would have proved an invaluable possession to a new country。 He had passed through innumerable scenes in life； and had played many parts。 When too lazy to work at his trade he had turned thief in fifty different shapes； was a receiver of stolen goods； a soldier and a travelling conjurer。 He once confessed to me that he had made a set of tools； for a gang of coiners； every man of whom was hanged。
Were the nature of the subject worthy of farther illustration； many similar proofs of misapplied talents might be adduced。
Their love of the marvellous has been recorded in an early part of this work。 The imposture of the gold finder； however prominent and glaring； nevertheless contributed to awaken attention and to create merriment。 He enjoyed the reputation of a discoverer； until experiment detected the imposition。 But others were less successful to acquire even momentary admiration。 The execution of forgery seems to demand at least neatness of imitation and dexterity of address。 On arrival of the first fleet of ships from England； several convicts brought out recommendatory letters from different friends。 Of these some were genuine； and many owed their birth to the ingenuity of the bearers。 But these last were all such bungling performances as to produce only instant detection and succeeding contempt。 One of them addressed to the governor； with the name of Baron Hotham affixed to it； began 'Honored Sir！'
A leading distinction； which marked the convicts on their outset in the colony； was an use of what is called the 'flash'； or 'kiddy' language。 In some of our early courts of justice an interpreter was frequently necessary to translate the deposition of the witness and the defence of the prisoner。 This language has many dialects。 The sly dexterity of the pickpocket； the brutal ferocity of the footpad； the more elevated career of the hi