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art of war-第7章

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besides which it is believed that he drew on the ancient 

commentaries of Wang Ling and others。  Owing to the peculiar 

arrangement of T‘UNG TIEN; he has to explain each passage on its 

merits; apart from the context; and sometimes his own explanation 

does not agree with that of Ts‘ao Kung; whom he always quotes 

first。  Though not strictly to be reckoned as one of the  〃Ten 

Commentators;〃  he was added to their number by Chi T‘ien…pao; 

being wrongly placed after his grandson Tu Mu。



     5。  TU MU (803…852) is perhaps the best known as a poet  a 

bright star even in the glorious galaxy of the T‘ang period。  We 

learn from Ch‘ao Kung…wu that although he had no practical 

experience of war;  he was extremely fond of discussing the 

subject;  and was moreover well read in the military history of 

the CH‘UN CH‘IU and CHAN KUO eras。  His notes;  therefore;  are 

well worth attention。  They are very copious; and replete with 

historical parallels。  The gist of Sun Tzu's work is thus 

summarized by him:  〃Practice benevolence and justice; but on the 

other hand make full use of artifice and measures of expediency。〃  

He further declared that all the military triumphs and disasters 

of the thousand years which had elapsed since Sun Tzu's death 

would;  upon examination; be found to uphold and corroborate;  in 

every particular;  the maxims contained in his book。  Tu Mu's 

somewhat spiteful charge against Ts‘ao Kung has already been 

considered elsewhere。



     6。  CH‘EN HAO appears to have been a contemporary of Tu Mu。  

Ch‘ao Kung…wu says that he was impelled to write a new commentary 

on Sun Tzu because Ts‘ao Kung's on the one hand was too obscure 

and subtle; and that of Tu Mu on the other too long…winded and 

diffuse。  Ou…yang Hsiu;  writing in the middle of the 11th 

century;  calls Ts‘ao Kung; Tu Mu and Ch‘en Hao the three chief 

commentators on Sun Tzu;  and observes that Ch‘en Hao   is 

continually attacking Tu Mu's shortcomings。  His commentary; 

though not lacking in merit; must rank below those of his 

predecessors。



     7。  CHIA LIN is known to have lived under the T‘ang dynasty; 

for his commentary on Sun Tzu is mentioned in the T‘ang Shu and 

was afterwards republished by Chi Hsieh of the same dynasty 

together with those of Meng Shih and Tu Yu。  It is of somewhat 

scanty texture; and in point of quality; too; perhaps the least 

valuable of the eleven。



     8。  MEI YAO…CH‘EN (1002…1060); commonly known by his 〃style〃 

as Mei Sheng…yu; was; like Tu Mu; a poet of distinction。  His 

commentary was published with a laudatory preface by the great 

Ou…yang Hsiu; from which we may cull the following: 



       Later scholars have misread Sun Tzu;  distorting his 

  words and trying to make them square with their own one…sided 

  views。  Thus; though commentators have not been lacking; only 

  a few have proved equal to the task。  My friend Sheng…yu has 

  not fallen into this mistake。  In attempting to provide a 

  critical commentary for Sun Tzu's work; he does not lose 

  sight of the fact that these sayings were intended for states 

  engaged in internecine warfare; that the author is not 

  concerned with the military conditions prevailing under the 

  sovereigns of the three ancient dynasties; '43' nor with the 

  nine punitive measures prescribed to the Minister of War。 

  '44'  Again; Sun Wu loved brevity of diction; but his meaning 

  is always deep。  Whether the subject be marching an army;  or 

  handling soldiers; or estimating the enemy;  or controlling 

  the forces of victory; it is always systematically treated; 

  the sayings are bound together in strict logical sequence; 

  though this has been obscured by commentators who have 

  probably   failed to grasp their meaning。  In his   own 

  commentary; Mei Sheng…yu has brushed aside all the obstinate 

  prejudices of these critics; and has tried to bring out the 

  true meaning of Sun Tzu himself。  In this way; the clouds of 

  confusion have been dispersed and the sayings made clear。  I 

  am convinced that the present work deserves to be handed down 

  side by side with the three great commentaries; and for a 

  great deal that they find in the sayings; coming generations 

  will have constant reason to thank my friend Sheng…yu。



     Making some allowance for the exuberance of friendship; I am 

inclined to endorse this favorable judgment; and would certainly 

place him above Ch‘en Hao in order of merit。



     9。  WANG HSI;  also of the Sung dynasty;  is decidedly 

original in some of his interpretations; but much less judicious 

than Mei Yao…ch‘en;  and on the whole not a very trustworthy 

guide。  He is fond of comparing his own commentary with that of 

Ts‘ao Kung; but the comparison is not often flattering to him。  

We learn from Ch‘ao Kung…wu that Wang Hsi revised the ancient 

text of Sun Tzu; filling up lacunae and correcting mistakes。 '45'



     10。  HO YEN…HSI of the Sung dynasty。  The personal name of 

this commentator is given as above by Cheng Ch‘iao in the TUNG 

CHIH;  written about the middle of the twelfth century;  but he 

appears simply as Ho Shih in the YU HAI; and Ma Tuan…lin quotes 

Ch‘ao Kung…wu as saying that his personal name is unknown。  There 

seems to be no reason to doubt Cheng Ch‘iao's statement; 

otherwise I should have been inclined to hazard a guess and 

identify him with one Ho Ch‘u…fei; the author of a short treatise 

on war;  who lived in the latter part of the 11th century。  Ho 

Shih's commentary;  in the words of the T‘IEN…I…KO catalogue; 

〃contains helpful additions〃  here and there;  but is chiefly 

remarkable for the copious extracts taken; in adapted form;  from 

the dynastic histories and other sources。



     11。  CHANG YU。  The list closes with a commentator of no 

great originality perhaps; but gifted with admirable powers of 

lucid exposition。  His commentator is based on that of Ts‘ao 

Kung; whose terse sentences he contrives to expand and develop in 

masterly fashion。  Without Chang Yu; it is safe to say that much 

of Ts‘ao Kung's commentary would have remained cloaked in its 

pristine obscurity and therefore valueless。  His work is not 

mentioned in the Sung history; the T‘UNG K‘AO; or the YU HAI; but 

it finds a niche in the T‘UNG CHIH; which also names him as the 

author of the 〃Lives of Famous Generals。〃 '46'

     It is rather remarkable that the last…named four should all 

have flourished within so short a space of time。  Ch‘ao Kung…wu 

accounts for it by saying:  〃During the early years of the Sung 

dynasty the Empire enjoyed a long spell of peace; and men ceased 

to practice the art of war。  but when 'Chao' Yuan…hao's rebellion 

came '1038…42' and the frontier generals were defeated time after 

time;  the Court made strenuous inquiry for men skilled in war; 

and military topics became the vogue amongst all the high 

officials。  Hence it is that the comment
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