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of the threads。〃 It is the sovereign's most precious faculty。
＇Cromwell； one of the greatest and most practical of all
cavalry leaders； had officers styled 'scout masters；' whose
business it was to collect all possible information regarding the
enemy； through scouts and spies； etc。； and much of his success in
war was traceable to the previous knowledge of the enemy's moves
thus gained。〃 ＇1＇ ＇
9。 Having LOCAL SPIES means employing the services of the
inhabitants of a district。
＇Tu Mu says： 〃In the enemy's country； win people over by
kind treatment； and use them as spies。〃＇
10。 Having INWARD SPIES； making use of officials of the
enemy。
＇Tu Mu enumerates the following classes as likely to do good
service in this respect： 〃Worthy men who have been degraded from
office； criminals who have undergone punishment； also； favorite
concubines who are greedy for gold； men who are aggrieved at
being in subordinate positions； or who have been passed over in
the distribution of posts； others who are anxious that their side
should be defeated in order that they may have a chance of
displaying their ability and talents； fickle turncoats who always
want to have a foot in each boat。 Officials of these several
kinds；〃 he continues； 〃should be secretly approached and bound to
one's interests by means of rich presents。 In this way you will
be able to find out the state of affairs in the enemy's country；
ascertain the plans that are being formed against you； and
moreover disturb the harmony and create a breach between the
sovereign and his ministers。〃 The necessity for extreme caution；
however； in dealing with 〃inward spies；〃 appears from an
historical incident related by Ho Shih： 〃Lo Shang； Governor of
I…Chou； sent his general Wei Po to attack the rebel Li Hsiung of
Shu in his stronghold at P‘i。 After each side had experienced a
number of victories and defeats； Li Hsiung had recourse to the
services of a certain P‘o…t‘ai； a native of Wu…tu。 He began to
have him whipped until the blood came； and then sent him off to
Lo Shang； whom he was to delude by offering to cooperate with him
from inside the city； and to give a fire signal at the right
moment for making a general assault。 Lo Shang； confiding in
these promises； march out all his best troops； and placed Wei Po
and others at their head with orders to attack at P‘o…t‘ai's
bidding。 Meanwhile； Li Hsiung's general； Li Hsiang； had prepared
an ambuscade on their line of march； and P‘o…t‘ai； having reared
long scaling…ladders against the city walls； now lighted the
beacon…fire。 Wei Po's men raced up on seeing the signal and
began climbing the ladders as fast as they could； while others
were drawn up by ropes lowered from above。 More than a hundred
of Lo Shang's soldiers entered the city in this way； every one of
whom was forthwith beheaded。 Li Hsiung then charged with all his
forces； both inside and outside the city； and routed the enemy
completely。〃 ＇This happened in 303 A。D。 I do not know where Ho
Shih got the story from。 It is not given in the biography of Li
Hsiung or that of his father Li T‘e； CHIN SHU； ch。 120； 121。＇
11。 Having CONVERTED SPIES； getting hold of the enemy's
spies and using them for our own purposes。
＇By means of heavy bribes and liberal promises detaching
them from the enemy's service； and inducing them to carry back
false information as well as to spy in turn on their own
countrymen。 On the other hand； Hsiao Shih…hsien says that we
pretend not to have detected him； but contrive to let him carry
away a false impression of what is going on。 Several of the
commentators accept this as an alternative definition； but that
it is not what Sun Tzu meant is conclusively proved by his
subsequent remarks about treating the converted spy generously
（ss。 21 sqq。）。 Ho Shih notes three occasions on which converted
spies were used with conspicuous success： （1） by T‘ien Tan in
his defense of Chi…mo （see supra； p。 90）； （2） by Chao She on his
march to O…yu （see p。 57）； and by the wily Fan Chu in 260 B。C。；
when Lien P‘o was conducting a defensive campaign against Ch‘in。
The King of Chao strongly disapproved of Lien P‘o's cautious and
dilatory methods； which had been unable to avert a series of
minor disasters； and therefore lent a ready ear to the reports of
his spies； who had secretly gone over to the enemy and were
already in Fan Chu's pay。 They said： 〃The only thing which
causes Ch‘in anxiety is lest Chao Kua should be made general。
Lien P‘o they consider an easy opponent； who is sure to be
vanquished in the long run。〃 Now this Chao Kua was a sun of the
famous Chao She。 From his boyhood； he had been wholly engrossed
in the study of war and military matters； until at last he came
to believe that there was no commander in the whole Empire who
could stand against him。 His father was much disquieted by this
overweening conceit； and the flippancy with which he spoke of
such a serious thing as war； and solemnly declared that if ever
Kua was appointed general； he would bring ruin on the armies of
Chao。 This was the man who； in spite of earnest protests from
his own mother and the veteran statesman Lin Hsiang…ju； was now
sent to succeed Lien P‘o。 Needless to say； he proved no match
for the redoubtable Po Ch‘i and the great military power of
Ch‘in。 He fell into a trap by which his army was divided into
two and his communications cut； and after a desperate resistance
lasting 46 days； during which the famished soldiers devoured one
another； he was himself killed by an arrow； and his whole force；
amounting； it is said； to 400；000 men； ruthlessly put to the
sword。＇
12。 Having DOOMED SPIES； doing certain things openly for
purposes of deception； and allowing our spies to know of them and
report them to the enemy。
＇Tu Yu gives the best exposition of the meaning： 〃We
ostentatiously do thing calculated to deceive our own spies； who
must be led to believe that they have been unwittingly disclosed。
Then； when these spies are captured in the enemy's lines； they
will make an entirely false report； and the enemy will take
measures accordingly； only to find that we do something quite
different。 The spies will thereupon be put to death。〃 As an
example of doomed spies； Ho Shih mentions the prisoners released
by Pan Ch‘ao in his campaign against Yarkand。 （See p。 132。） He
also refers to T‘ang Chien； who in 630 A。D。 was sent by T‘ai
Tsung to lull the Turkish Kahn Chieh…li into fancied security；
until Li Ching was able to deliver a crushing blow against him。
Chang Yu says that the Turks revenged themselves by killing T‘ang
Chien； but this is a mistake； for we read in both the old and the
New T‘ang History （ch。 58； fol。 2 and ch。 89； fol。 8
respective