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tempted to think that P‘IEN might simply mean 〃leaves。〃
17。 Yeh Shih of the Sung dynasty ＇1151…1223＇。
18。 He hardly deserves to be bracketed with assassins。
19。 See Chapter 7； ss。 27 and Chapter 11； ss。 28。
20。 See Chapter 11； ss。 28。 Chuan Chu is the abbreviated form
of his name。
21。 I。e。 Po P‘ei。 See ante。
22。 The nucleus of this work is probably genuine； though large
additions have been made by later hands。 Kuan chung died in 645
B。C。
23。 See infra； beginning of INTRODUCTION。
24。 I do not know what this work； unless it be the last chapter
of another work。 Why that chapter should be singled out；
however； is not clear。
25。 About 480 B。C。
26。 That is； I suppose； the age of Wu Wang and Chou Kung。
27。 In the 3rd century B。C。
28。 Ssu…ma Jang…chu； whose family name was T‘ien； lived in the
latter half of the 6th century B。C。； and is also believed to have
written a work on war。 See SHIH CHI； ch。 64； and infra at the
beginning of the INTRODUCTION。
29。 See Legge's Classics； vol。 V； Prolegomena p。 27。 Legge
thinks that the TSO CHUAN must have been written in the 5th
century； but not before 424 B。C。
30。 See MENCIUS III。 1。 iii。 13…20。
31。 When Wu first appears in the CH‘UN CH‘IU in 584； it is
already at variance with its powerful neighbor。 The CH‘UN CH‘IU
first mentions Yueh in 537； the TSO CHUAN in 601。
32。 This is explicitly stated in the TSO CHUAN； XXXII； 2。
33。 There is this to be said for the later period； that the feud
would tend to grow more bitter after each encounter； and thus
more fully justify the language used in XI。 ss。 30。
34。 With Wu Yuan himself the case is just the reverse： a
spurious treatise on war has been fathered on him simply because
he was a great general。 Here we have an obvious inducement to
forgery。 Sun Wu； on the other hand； cannot have been widely
known to fame in the 5th century。
35。 From TSO CHUAN： 〃From the date of King Chao's accession
＇515＇ there was no year in which Ch‘u was not attacked by Wu。〃
36。 Preface ad fin： 〃My family comes from Lo…an； and we are
really descended from Sun Tzu。 I am ashamed to say that I only
read my ancestor's work from a literary point of view； without
comprehending the military technique。 So long have we been
enjoying the blessings of peace！〃
37。 Hoa…yin is about 14 miles from T‘ung…kuan on the eastern
border of Shensi。 The temple in question is still visited by
those about the ascent of the Western Sacred Mountain。 It is
mentioned in a text as being 〃situated five LI east of the
district city of Hua…yin。 The temple contains the Hua…shan
tablet inscribed by the T‘ang Emperor Hsuan Tsung ＇713…755＇。〃
38。 See my 〃Catalogue of Chinese Books〃 （Luzac & Co。； 1908）； no。
40。
39。 This is a discussion of 29 difficult passages in Sun Tzu。
40。 Cf。 Catalogue of the library of Fan family at Ningpo： 〃His
commentary is frequently obscure； it furnishes a clue； but does
not fully develop the meaning。〃
41。 WEN HSIEN T‘UNG K‘AO； ch。 221。
42。 It is interesting to note that M。 Pelliot has recently
discovered chapters 1； 4 and 5 of this lost work in the 〃Grottos
of the Thousand Buddhas。〃 See B。E。F。E。O。； t。 VIII； nos。 3…4； p。
525。
43。 The Hsia； the Shang and the Chou。 Although the last…named
was nominally existent in Sun Tzu's day； it retained hardly a
vestige of power； and the old military organization had
practically gone by the board。 I can suggest no other
explanation of the passage。
44。 See CHOU LI； xxix。 6…10。
45。 T‘UNG K‘AO； ch。 221。
46。 This appears to be still extant。 See Wylie's 〃Notes；〃 p。 91
（new edition）。
47。 T‘UNG K‘AO； loc。 cit。
48。 A notable person in his day。 His biography is given in the
SAN KUO CHIH； ch。 10。
49。 See XI。 ss。 58； note。
50。 HOU HAN SHU； ch。 17 ad init。
51。 SAN KUO CHIH； ch。 54。
52。 SUNG SHIH； ch。 365 ad init。
53。 The few Europeans who have yet had an opportunity of
acquainting themselves with Sun Tzu are not behindhand in their
praise。 In this connection； I may perhaps be excused for quoting
from a letter from Lord Roberts； to whom the sheets of the
present work were submitted previous to publication： 〃Many of
Sun Wu's maxims are perfectly applicable to the present day； and
no。 11 ＇in Chapter VIII＇ is one that the people of this country
would do well to take to heart。〃
54。 Ch。 140。
55。 See IV。 ss。 3。
56。 The allusion may be to Mencius VI。 2。 ix。 2。
57。 The TSO CHUAN。
58。 SHIH CHI； ch。 25； fol。 I。
59。 Cf。 SHIH CHI； ch 47。
60。 See SHU CHING； preface ss。 55。
61。 See SHIH CHI； ch。 47。
62。 Lun Yu； XV。 1。
63。 I failed to trace this utterance。
64。 Supra。
65。 Supra。
66。 The other four being worship； mourning； entertainment of
guests； and festive rites。 See SHU CHING； ii。 1。 III。 8； and
CHOU LI； IX。 fol。 49。
67。 See XIII。 ss。 11； note。
68。 This is a rather obscure allusion to the TSO CHUAN； where
Tzu…ch‘an says： 〃If you have a piece of beautiful brocade； you
will not employ a mere learner to make it up。〃
69。 Cf。 TAO TE CHING； ch。 31。
70。 Sun Hsing…yen might have quoted Confucius again。 See LUN
YU； XIII。 29； 30。
71。 Better known as Hsiang Yu ＇233…202 B。C。＇。
72。 SHIH CHI； ch。 47。
73。 SHIH CHI； ch。 38。
74。 See XIII。 ss。 27； note。 Further details on T‘ai Kung will
be found in the SHIH CHI； ch。 32 ad init。 Besides the tradition
which makes him a former minister of Chou Hsin； two other
accounts of him are there given； according to which he would
appear to have been first raised from a humble private station by
Wen Wang。
…
I。 LAYING PLANS
＇Ts‘ao Kung； in defining the meaning of the Chinese for the
title of this chapter； says it refers to the deliberations in the
temple selected by the general for his temporary use； or as we
should say； in his tent。 See。 ss。 26。＇
1。 Sun Tzu said： The art of war is of vital importance to
the State。
2。 It is a matter of life and death； a road either to
safety or to ruin。 Hence it is a subject of inquiry which can on
no account be neglected。
3。 The art of war； then； is governed by five constant
factors； to be taken into account in one's deliberations； when
seeking to determine the conditions obtaining in the field。
4。 These are： （1） The Moral Law； （2） Heaven； （3） Earth；
（4） The Commander； （5） Method and discipline。
＇It appears from what follows that Sun Tzu means by 〃Moral
Law〃 a principle of harmony； not unlike the Tao of Lao Tzu in its
moral aspect。 One might be tempted to render it by 〃morale；〃
were it not considered as an attribute of the ruler in ss。 13。＇
5； 6。 The MORAL LAW causes the