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the Macedonians emerged from obscurity； 9； 1。 6。
9。 Compilation of works made under the Mings； related by Father Du Halde； Description of China； ii； p。 648。
10。 During the reign of Tiberius statues were erected to； and triumphal ornaments conferred on； informers； which debased these honours to such a degree that those who had really merited them disdained to accept them。 Frag。 of Dio； lviii。 14； taken from the Extract of Virtues and Vices； by Constantine Porphyrogenitus。 See in Tacitus in what manner Nero； on the discovery and punishment of a pretended conspiracy； bestowed triumphal ornaments on Petronius Turpilianus； Nerva； and Tigellinus。 Annals； xiv。 72。 See likewise how the generals refused to serve； because they condemned the military honours： pervulgatis triumphi insignibus Ibid。； xiii。 53。
11。 In this state the prince knew extremely well the principle of his government。
12。 Herodian。
13。 Aristotle； Politics； ii。 10。
14。 They always united immediately against foreign enemies； which was called Syncretism。 Plutarch Moralia； p。 88。
15。 Republic； ix。
16。 Plutarch； Whether a Man Advanced in Years Ought to Meddle with Public Affairs。
17。 Republic； v。
18。 The Gymnic art was divided into two parts； dancing and wrestling。 In Crete they had the armed dances of the Curetes； at Sparta they had those of Castor and Pollux； at Athens the armed dances of Pallas； which were extremely proper for those that were not yet of age for military service。 Wrestling is the image of war； said Plato Laws； vii。 He commends antiquity for having established only two dances； the pacific and the Pyrrhic。 See how the latter dance was applied to the military art； Plato； ibid。
19。 Aut libidinosce。 Lad？as Lacedamonis pal？stras。 Mutual； iv； 55。
20。 Plutarch； in the treatise entitled Questions Concerning the Affairs of the Romans； question 40。
21。 Ibid。
22。 Plutarch； Table Propositions； book ii； question 5。
23。 Book i； pref。
24。 Livy； iii。 20。
25。 Ibid。； 32。
26。 About a hundred years after。
27。 See xi； 12。
28。 See Dio； xxxviii； Cicero in Plutarch； Cicero to Atticus； iv。 10； 15。 Asconius on Cicero； De Divinatione。
29。 As when a petty sovereign supports himself between two great powers by means of their mutual jealousy； but then he has only a precarious existence。
30。 See M。 Le Clerc； the History of the United Provinces。
31。 〃It is the cudgel that governs China；〃 says Father Du Halde； Disc。 de la Chine； ii； p。 134。
32。 Among others； De Lange's account。
33。 Of the Family of Sourniama； Edifying Letters； coll。 xviii。
34。 See in Father Du Halde how the missionaries availed themselves of the authority of Canhi to silence the mandarins； who constantly declared that by the laws of the country no foreign worship could be established in the empire。
35。 See Lettres persanes； 210。
36。 See the order of Tsongtou for tilling the land； in the Edifying Letters； coll。 xxi。
Book IX。 Of Laws in the Relation They Bear to a Defensive Force
1。 In what Manner Republics provide for their Safety。 If a republic be small； it is destroyed by a foreign force； if it be large； it is ruined by an internal imperfection。
To this twofold inconvenience democracies and aristocracies are equally liable； whether they be good or bad。 The evil is in the very thing itself； and no form can redress it。
It is； therefore； very probable that mankind would have been； at length； obliged to live constantly under the government of a single person； had they not contrived a kind of constitution that has all the internal advantages of a republican； together with the external force of a monarchical； government。 I mean a confederate republic。
This form of government is a convention by which several petty states agree to become members of a larger one； which they intend to establish。 It is a kind of assemblage of societies； that constitute a new one； capable of increasing by means of further associations； till they arrive at such a degree of power as to be able to provide for the security of the whole body。
It was these associations that so long contributed to the prosperity of Greece。 By these the Romans attacked the whole globe； and by these alone the whole globe withstood them； for when Rome had arrived at her highest pitch of grandeur； it was the associations beyond the Danube and the Rhine associations formed by the terror of her arms that enabled the barbarians to resist her。
Hence it proceeds that Holland；＇1＇ Germany； and the Swiss cantons are considered in Europe as perpetual republics。
The associations of cities were formerly more necessary than in our times。 A weak； defenceless town was exposed to greater danger。 By conquest it was deprived not only of the executive and legislative power； as at present； but moreover of all human property。＇2＇
A republic of this kind； able to withstand an external force； may support itself without any internal corruption； the form of this society prevents all manner of inconveniences。
If a single member should attempt to usurp the supreme power； he could not be supposed to have an equal authority and credit in all the confederate states。 Were he to have too great an influence over one； this would alarm the rest； were he to subdue a part； that which would still remain free might oppose him with forces independent of those which he had usurped； and overpower him before he could be settled in his usurpation。
Should a popular insurrection happen in one of the confederate states； the others are able to quell it。 Should abuses creep into one part； they are reformed by those that remain sound。 The state may be destroyed on one side； and not on the other； the confederacy may be dissolved； and the confederates preserve their sovereignty。
As this government is composed of petty republics； it enjoys the internal happiness of each； and with regard to its external situation； by means of the association； it possesses all the advantages of large monarchies。
2。 That a confederate Government ought to be composed of States of the same Nature； especially of the republican Kind。 The Canaanites were destroyed by reason that they were petty monarchies； that had no union or confederacy for their common defence； and； indeed； a confederacy is not agreeable to the nature of petty monarchies。
As the confederate republic of Germany consists of free cities； and of petty states subject to different princes； experience shows us that it is much more imperfect than that of Holland and Switzerland。
The spirit of monarchy is war and enlargement of dominion： peace and moderation are the spirit of a republic。 These two kinds of government cannot naturally subsist in a confederate republic。
Thus we observe； in the Roman history； that when the Veientes had chosen a king； they were immediately abandoned by all the other petty republics of Tuscany。 Greece was undone as soon as the kings of Macedon obtained a seat among the Amphyktyons。
The confederate republic of Germany； composed of princes and free towns； subsists by means of a chief； who is； in some respects； the magistrate of the union； in others； the monarch。
3。 Other Requisites in a confederate Republic。 In the repub