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e prejudice he renounces； have the less reason to complain； as the state might originally have made a law to exclude them。
24。 That the Regulations of the Police are of a different Class from other civil Laws。 There are criminals whom the magistrate punishes； there are others whom he reproves。 The former are subject to the power of the law； the latter to his authority： those are cut off from society； these they oblige to live according to the rules of society。
In the exercise of the Police； it is rather the magistrate who punishes； than the law； in the sentence passed on crimes； it is rather the law which punishes； than the magistrate。 The business of the Police consists in affairs which arise every instant； and are commonly of a trifling nature： there is then but little need of formalities。 The actions of the Police are quick； they are exercised over things which return every day： it would be therefore improper for it to inflict severe punishments。 It is continually employed about minute particulars； great examples are therefore not designed for its purpose。 It is governed rather by regulations than laws； those who are subject to its jurisdiction are incessantly under the eye of the magistrate： it is therefore his fault if they fall into excess。 Thus we ought not to confound a flagrant violation of the laws； with a simple breach of the Police； these things are of a different order。
Hence it follows； that the laws of an Italian republic；＇54＇ where bearing fire…arms is punished as a capital crime and where it is not more fatal to make an ill use of them than to carry them； is not agreeable to the nature of things。
It follows； moreover； that the applauded action of that emperor who caused a baker to be impaled whom he found guilty of a fraud； was the action of a sultan who knew not how to be just without committing an outrage on justice。
25。 That we should not follow the general Disposition of the civil Law； in things which ought to be subject to particular Rules drawn from their own Nature。 Is it a good law that all civil obligations passed between sailors in a ship in the course of a voyage should be null？ Francis Pirard tells us＇55＇ that； in his time； it was not observed by the Portuguese； though it was by the French。 Men who are together only for a short time； who have no wants； since they are provided for by the prince； who have only one object in view； that of their voyage； who are no longer in society； but are only the inhabitants of a ship； ought not to contract obligations that were never introduced but to support the burden of civil society。
In the same spirit was the law of the Rhodians； made at a time when they always followed the coasts； it ordained that those who during a tempest stayed in a vessel should have ship and cargo； and those who quitted it should have nothing。
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1。 Laws； ix。
2。 M。 Bayle； in his Criticism on the History of Calvinism； speaks of this law； p。 263。
3。 See Leg。 5。 Cod。 de repudiis et judicio de moribus sublato。
4。 Law of the Burgundians； tit。 47。
5。 In the Code of the Visigoths； iii； tit。 4； § 13。
6。 Under pain of infamy； another under pain of imprisonment。
7。 Plutarch。 Solon。
8。 Ibid。； and Gallien； in Exhort。 ad Art。； 8。
9。 City of God； iii。 21。
10。 Book ii。 12。
11。 Nov。 21。
12。 Book ii； tit。 14； § 6； 7； and 8。
13。 Father Du Halde on the Second Dynasty。
14。 Livy； xxix。 29。
15。 Shaw； Travels； i； p。 402。
16。 See the Collection of Voyages that Contributed to the Establishment of the East India Company； iv； part I； p。 114。 And Mr。 Smith； Voyage to Guinea； part II； p。 150； concerning the kingdom of Juida。
17。 See Edifying Letters； coll。 xiv； and the Voyages that Contributed to the Establishment of the East India Company； iii； part II； p。 644。
18。 Collection of Voyages that Contributed to the Establishment of the East India Company； iv； part I； pp。 35； 103。
19。 As they did when Pompey besieged the Temple。 Dio； xxxvii； 16。
20。 Leg。； 5； ff。 ad。 leg。 Juliam peculatus。
21。 Cap。 quisquis 17； qu？stione 4。 Cujas； Observat。； xiii。 19； tom。 iii。
22。 Beaumanoir； Ancient Customs of Beauvoisis； 18； § 6。
23。 Leg。 1。 Cod。 ad。 leg。 Jul。 de adulteriis。
24。 At present they do not take cognizance of these things in France。
25。 Leg。 ii； § ult。； ff。 ad。 leg。 Jul。 de adultenis。
26。 Nov。 134。 Col。 9； cap。 x； tit。 170。
27。 Leg。 7； Cod。 de repudiis； et juricio de morib。 sublato。
28。 Auth。 Hodie quantiscumque。 Cod。 de repudiis。
29。 Auth。 Quod hodie。 Cod。 de repudiis。
30。 See what has been said on this subject； in book xxiii。 21； in the relation they bear to the number of inhabitants。
31。 See Leg。 16； ff。 de ritu nuptiarum； and Leg。 3； § 1； also Dig。 de donationibus inter virum et uxorem。
32。 This law is very ancient among them。 Attila； says Priscus； in his embassy stopped in a certain place to marry Esca his daughter。 〃A thing permitted；〃 he adds； 〃by the laws of the Scythians；〃 p。 22。
33。 History of the Tartars； part III； p。 256。
34。 It was thus among the ancient Romans。
35。 Among the Romans they had the same name； the cousins…german were called brothers。
36。 It was thus at Rome in the first ages； till the people made a law to permit them； they were willing to favour a man extremely popular； who had married his cousin…german。 Plutarch's treatise entitled Questions Concerning the Affairs of the Romans。
37。 Collection of Voyages to the Indies； v； part 1。 An account of the state of the isle of Formosa。
38。 Koran； chapter 〃On Women。〃
39。 See Francis Pirard。
40。 They were considered as more honourable。 See Philo； De Specialibus legib。 qu？ pertinet ad pr？cepta decalogi； p。 778； Paris； 1640。
41。 See Leg。 8； Cod。 de incestis et inutilibus nuptiis。
42。 Edifying Letters； coll。 xiv； p。 403。
43。 〃The lord appointed collectors to receive the toll from the peasant； the gentlemen were obliged to contribute by the count； and the clergy to the bishop。〃 Beaumanoir； 25； §§ 13； 17。
44。 De Leg。； i。
45。 Politics； iii。 13。
46。 Hyperbolus。 See Plutarch； Aristides。
47。 It was found opposite to the spirit of the legislator。 See below； xxix。 7。
48。 Plutarch in his comparison between Lycurgus and Numa。
49。 Plutarch； Cato the Younger。
50。 Leg。 11 § ult。； ff。 ad。 leg。 Jul。 de adulteriis。
51。 Law of the Visigoths； iii； tit。 4； § 6。
52。 See Garcilasso de la Vega； p。 108。
53。 See v。 14； viii。 16…20； ix。 4…7； and x。 9； 10。
54。 Venice。
55。 Chapter 14； part XII。
Book XXVII。
1。 Of the Origin and Revolutions of the Roman Laws on Successions。 This affair derives its establishment from the most distant antiquity； and to penetrate to its foundation； permit me to search among the first laws of the Romans for what； I believe； nobody yet has been so happy as to discover。
We know that Romulus＇1＇ divided the land of his little kingdom among his subjects； it seems to me that hence the laws of Rome on successions were derived。
The law of the division of lands made it necessary that the property of one family should not pass into another： hence it followed that there were but two orders of heirs established by law； the children and all the descendants that li