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the spirit of laws-第139章

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o supply the necessities of the aged; the sick; and the orphan。 A well…regulated government draws this support from the arts themselves。 It gives to some such employment as they are capable of performing; others are taught to work; and this teaching of itself becomes an employment。

The alms given to a naked man in the street do not fulfil the obligations of the state; which owes to every citizen a certain subsistence; a proper nourishment; convenient clothing; and a kind of life not incompatible with health。

Aurungzebe; being asked why he did not build hospitals; said; 〃I will make my empire so rich that there shall be no need of hospitals。〃'118' He ought to have said; 〃I will begin by rendering my empire rich; and then I will build hospitals。〃

The riches of the state suppose great industry。 Amidst the numerous branches of trade it is impossible but that some must suffer; and consequently the mechanics must be in a momentary necessity。

Whenever this happens; the state is obliged to lend them a ready assistance; whether it be to prevent the sufferings of the people; or to avoid a rebellion。 In this case hospitals; or some equivalent regulations; are necessary to prevent this misery。

But when the nation is poor; private poverty springs from the general calamity; and is; if I may so express myself; the general calamity itself。 All the hospitals in the world cannot cure this private poverty; on the contrary; the spirit of indolence; which it constantly inspires; increases the general; and consequently the private; misery。

Henry VIII;'119' resolving to reform the Church of England; ruined the monks; of themselves a lazy set of people; that encouraged laziness in others; because; as they practised hospitality; an infinite number of idle persons; gentlemen and citizens; spent their lives in running from convent to convent。 He demolished even the hospitals; in which the lower people found subsistence; as the gentlemen did theirs in the monasteries。 Since these changes; the spirit of trade and industry has been established in England。

At Rome; the hospitals place every one at his ease except those who labour; except those who are industrious; except those who have land; except those who are engaged in trade。 I have observed that wealthy nations have need of hospitals; because fortune subjects them to a thousand accidents; but it is plain that transient assistances are much better than perpetual foundations。 The evil is momentary; it is necessary; therefore; that the succour should be of the same nature; and that it be applied to particular accidents。

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1。 Dryden; Lucr。

2。 The Garamantes。

3。 Book i。 8。

4。 Pater est quem nupti? demonstrant。

5。 For this reason; among nations that have slaves; the child almost always follows the station or condition of the mother。

6。 Father Du Halde; i; p。 165。

7。 Ibid; ii; p。 121。

8。 Aristotle; Politics; vi。 4。

9。 Ibid。; iii。 5。

10。 Thomas Gage; A New Survey of the West Indies; p。 345; 3rd ed。

11。 Ibid。; p。 97; 3rd ed。

12。 Book xvi。 4。

13。 See Kempfer; who gives a computation of the people of Meaco。

14。 Collection of Voyages that Contributed to the Establishment of the East India Company; i; p。 347。

15。 Japan is composed of a number of isles; where there are many banks; and the sea is there extremely full of fish。

16。 China abounds in rivers。

17。 See Father Du Halde; ii; pp。 139; 142。 ff。

18。 The greatest number of the proprietors of land; says Bishop Burnet; finding more profit in selling their wool than their corn; inclosed their estates; the commons; ready to perish with hunger; rose up in arms; they insisted on a division of the lands; the young king even wrote on this subject。 And proclamations were made against those who inclosed their lands。  Abridgment of the History of the Reformation; pp。 44。 83。

19。 Dampier; Voyages; ii; p。 41。

20。 Ibid。; p。 167。

21。 See the Collection of Voyages that Contributed to the Establishment of the East India Company; v; part I; pp。 182; 188。

22。 In valour; discipline; and military exercises。

23。 The Gauls; who were in the same circumstances; acted in the same manner。

24。 Laws; v。

25。 Republic; v。

26。 Politics; vii。 16。

27。 Ibid。

28。 Ibid。; iii。 5。

29。 Sixty pounds sterling。

30。 Book vi。 12。

31。 Book vii; p。 496。

32。 I have treated of this in the Considerations on the Causes of the Rise and Declension of the Roman Grandeur; 13。

33。 Book lvi。

34。 Book ii。

35。 In the year of Rome 277。

36。 See what was done in this respect in Livy; xlv; the Epitome of Livy; lix; Aulus Gellius; i。 6; Valerius Maximus; ii。 9。

37。 It is in Aulus Gellius; i。 6。

38。 See what I have said in Book v。 19。

39。 C?sar; after the Civil War; having made a survey of the Roman citizens; found there were no more than one hundred and fifty thousand heads of families。  Florus; Epitome of Livy; dec。 12。

40。 See Dio; xliii。; and Xiphilinus in August。

41。 Dio; lib。 xliii。; Suetonius; Life of C?sar; 22; Appian; On the Civil War; ii。

42。 Eusebius; Chronicle。

43。 Dio; liv。 16。

44。 In the year of Rome 736。

45。 Julias rogationes。  Annals; iii。 25。

46。 In the year of Rome 762。  Dio; lvi。 i。

47。 I have abridged this speech; which is of tedious length; it is to be found in Dio; lvi。

48。 Marcus Papius Mutilus and Q。 Popp?us Sabinus。  Dio; lvi。

49。 Ibid。

50。 Ulpian; Fragment; tit。 14; distinguishes very rightly between the Julian and the Papian law。

51。 James Godfrey has made a collection of these。

52。 The 35th is cited in Leg。 19; ff。 de ritu nuptiarum。

53。 Book ii。 15。

54。 Dionysius Halicarnassus。

55。 The deputies of Rome; who were sent to search into the laws of Greece; went to Athens; and to the cities of Italy。

56。 Aulus Gellius; ii。 15。

57。 Suetonius; Life of Augustus; 44。

58。 Tacitus; ii。 51: Ut numerus liberorum in candidatis pr?polleret; quod lex jubebat。

59。 Aulus Gellius; ii。 15。

60。 Tacitus; Annals; xv。 19。

61。 See Leg。 6; § 5; De Decurion。

62。 See Leg。 2; ff。 de minorib。

63。 Leg。 i; § 3; Leg。 2; ff。 de vacatione et excusat。 munerum。

64。 Ulpian; Fragment。; tit。 29; § 3。

65。 Plutarch; Numa。

66。 See the Ulpian; Fragment。; tit。 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; which compose one of the most valuable pieces of the ancient civil law of the Romans。

67。 Sozomenus; i。 9。 They could receive from their relatives。  Ulpian; Fragment。; tit。 16; § i。

68。 Sozomenus; i。 9; and Leg。 unic。; Cod。 Theod。 de infirm; poenis c?lib。 et orbit。

69。 Of the Love of Fathers towards their Children。

70。 See a more particular account of this in Ulpian。 Fragment。; tit。 15; 16。

71。 Ibid。; tit。 16; § 1。

72。 Ibid。; tit。 14。 It seems the first Julian laws allowed three years。  Speech of Augustus; in Dio; lvi; Suetonius; Life of Augustus; 34。 Other Julian laws granted but one year: the Papian law gave two。  Ulpian; Fragment。; tit。 14。 These laws were not agreeable to the people; Augustus; therefore; softened or strengthened them as they were more or less disposed to comply with them。

73。 This was the 35th head of the Papian law。  Leg。 19; ff。de ritu nuptiarum。

74。 See Dio; liv; year 736; Suetonius; in Octavio; 3
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