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with a small variation from the point opposite to the wind。 Whence it follows that broad…bottomed vessels are longer in performing voyages。
1。 They lose much time in waiting for the wind； especially if they are obliged frequently to change their course； 2。 They sail much slower； because not having a proper support from a depth of water； they cannot carry so much sail。 If this be the case at a time when the arts are everywhere known； at a time when art corrects the defects of nature； and even of art itself； if at this time； I say； we find this difference； how great must that have been in the navigation of the ancients？
I cannot yet leave this subject。 The Indian vessels were small； and those of the Greeks and Romans； if we except those machines built for ostentation； much less than ours。 Now； the smaller the vessel the greater danger it encounters from foul weather。 A tempest that would swallow up a small vessel would only make a large one roll。 The more one body surpasses another in size； the more its surface is relatively small。 Whence it follows that in a small ship there is a less proportion； that is； a greater difference in respect to the surface of the vessel； compared with the weight or lading she can carry； than in a large one。 We know that it is a pretty general practice to make the weight of the lading equal to that of half the water the vessel could contain。 Suppose a vessel will contain eight hundred tons； her lading then must be four hundred； and that of a vessel which would hold but four hundred tons of water would be two hundred tons。 Thus the largeness of the first ship will be to the weight she carries as 8 to 4； and that of the second as 4 to 2。 Let us suppose； then； that the surface of the greater is to the surface of the smaller as 8 to 6； the surface of the latter will be to her weight as 6 to 2；＇26＇ while the surface of the former will be to her weight only as 8 to 4。 Therefore as the winds and waves act only upon the surface； the large vessel will； by her weight； resist their impetuosity much more than the small。
7。 Of the Commerce of the Greeks。 The first Greeks were all pirates。 Minos； who enjoyed the empire of the sea； was only more successful； perhaps； than others in piracy； for his maritime dominion extended no farther than round his own isle。 But when the Greeks became a great people； the Athenians obtained the real dominion of the sea； because this trading and victorious nation gave laws to the most potent monarch of that time；＇27＇ and humbled the maritime powers of Syria； of the isle of Cyprus； and Phoenicia。
But this Athenian lordship of the sea deserves to be more particularly mentioned。 〃Athens；〃 says Xenophon；＇28＇ 〃rules the sea； but as the country of Attica is joined to the continent； it is ravaged by enemies while the Athenians are engaged in distant expeditions。 Their leaders suffer their lands to be destroyed； and secure their wealth by sending it to some island。 The populace； who are not possessed of lands； have no uneasiness。 But if the Athenians inhabited an island； and； besides this； enjoyed the empire of the sea； they would； so long as they were possessed of these advantages； be able to annoy others； and at the same time to be out of all danger of being annoyed。〃 One would imagine that Xenophon was speaking of England。
The Athenians； a people whose heads were filled with ambitious projects； the Athenians； who augmented their jealousy instead of increasing their influence； who were more attentive to extend their maritime empire than to enjoy it； whose political government was such that the common people distributed the public revenues among themselves； while the rich were in a state of oppression； the Athenians； I say； did not carry on so extensive a commerce as might be expected from the produce of their mines； from the multitude of their slaves； from the number of their seamen； from their influence over the cities of Greece； and； above all； from the excellent institutions of Solon。 Their trade was almost wholly confined to Greece and to the Euxine Sea； whence they drew their subsistence。
Corinth was admirably situated； it separated two seas； and opened and shut the Peloponnesus； it was the key of Greece； and a city of the greatest importance； at a time when the people of Greece were a world； and the cities of Greece nations。 Its trade was more extensive than that of Athens； having a port to receive the merchandise of Asia； and another those of Italy； for the great difficulties which attended the doubling Cape Malea； where the meeting of opposite winds causes shipwrecks；＇29＇ induced every one to go to Corinth； and they could even convey their vessels over land from one sea to the other。 Never was there a city in which the works of art were carried to so high a degree of perfection。 But here religion finished the corruption which their opulence began。 They erected a temple to Venus； in which more than a thousand courtesans were consecrated to that deity； from this seminary came the greatest part of those celebrated beauties whose history Athen？us has presumed to commit to writing。
It seems that in Homer's time the opulence of Greece centred in Rhodes； Corinth； and Orchomenus； 〃Jupiter；〃 he says； 〃loved the Rhodians； and made them a very wealthy nation。〃＇30＇ On Corinth he bestows the epithet of rich。＇31＇ In like manner； when he speaks of cities that have plenty of gold； he mentions Orchomenus； to which he joins Thebes in Egypt。 Rhodes and Corinth preserved their power； but Orchomenus lost hers。 The situation of Orchomenus in the neighbourhood of the Hellespont； the Propontis； and the Euxine Sea makes us naturally imagine that she was indebted for her opulence to a trade along that maritime coast； which had given rise to the fable of the golden fleece； and； indeed； the name of Minyeios has been given to Orchomenus as well as to the Argonauts。＇32＇ But these seas becoming afterwards more frequented； the Greeks planted along the coasts a greater number of colonies； which traded with the barbarous nations； and at the same time preserved an intercourse with their mother country。 In consequence of this； Orchomenus began to decline； till at length it was lost in the crowd of the other cities of Greece。
Before Homer's time the Greeks had scarcely any trade but among themselves； and with a few barbarous nations； in proportion； however； as they formed new colonies； they extended their dominion。 Greece was a large peninsula； the capes of which seemed to have kept off the seas； while its gulfs opened on all sides to receive them。 if we cast an eye on Greece； we shall find； in a pretty compact country； a considerable extent of sea…coast。 Her innumerable colonies formed an immense circle round her； and there she beheld； in some measure； the whole civilised world。 Did she penetrate into Sicily and Italy； she formed new nations。 Did she navigate towards the sea of Pontus； the coast of Asia Minor； or that of Africa； she acted in the same manner。 Her cities increased in prosperity in proportion as they happened to have new people in their neighbourhood。 And what was extremely beautiful； she was surrounded on every side with a prodigious number of islands； drawn； as it were； in a line