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William Charles Wentworth's 〃Australasia〃； written in 1823
at Cambridge University in competition for the Chancellor's medal。
There were twenty…seven competitors； and the prize was awarded
to W。 Mackworth Praed； Wentworth being second on the list。 Wentworth's poem
was printed in London in the same year； and shortly afterwards
in ‘The Sydney Gazette'； the first Australian newspaper。
In 1826 there was printed at the Albion Press； Sydney；
〃Wild Notes from the Lyre of a Native Minstrel〃 by Charles Tompson； Junior；
the first verse of an Australian…born writer published in this country。
There was also published in Sydney in 1826 a book of verses
by Dr。 John Dunmore Lang； called 〃Aurora Australis〃。
Both Lang and Wentworth afterwards conducted newspapers
and wrote histories of New South Wales； but their names are more famous
in the political than in the literary annals of the country。
At Hobart Town in 1827 appeared 〃The Van Diemen's Land Warriors；
or the Heroes of Cornwall〃 by 〃Pindar Juvenal〃； the first book of verse
published in Tasmania。 During the next ten years various poetical effusions
were printed in the colonies； which are of bibliographical interest
but of hardly any intrinsic value。 Newspapers had been established
at an early date； but until the end of this period they were little better
than news…sheets or official gazettes； giving no opportunities
for literature。 The proportion of well…educated persons was small；
the majority of the free settlers being members of the working classes；
as very few representatives of British culture came willingly to this country
until after the discovery of gold。
It was not until 1845 that the first genuine； though crude；
Australian poetry appeared； in the form of a small volume of sonnets
by Charles Harpur； who was born at Windsor； N。S。W。； in 1817。
He passed his best years in the lonely bush； and wrote largely
under the influence of Wordsworth and Shelley。 He had some
imagination and poetic faculty of the contemplative order；
but the disadvantages of his life were many。 Harpur's best work
is in his longer poems； from which extracts cannot conveniently be given here。
The year 1842 had seen the publication of Henry Parkes' 〃Stolen Moments〃；
the first of a number of volumes of verse which that statesman bravely issued；
the last being published just before his eightieth year。 The career of Parkes
is coincident with a long and important period of our history；
in which he is the most striking figure。 Not the least interesting
aspect of his character； which contained much of rugged greatness；
was his love of poetry and his unfailing kindness to the struggling writers
of the colony。 Others who deserve remembrance for their services at this time
are Nicol D。 Stenhouse and Dr。 Woolley。 Among the writers of the period
D。 H。 Deniehy； Henry Halloran； J。 Sheridan Moore and Richard Rowe
contributed fairly good verse to the newspapers； the principal of which were
‘The Atlas' （1845…9）； ‘The Empire' （1850…8）； and two papers still in existence
‘The Freeman's Journal' （1850） and ‘The Sydney Morning Herald'；
which began as ‘The Sydney Herald' in 1831。 None of their writings； however；
reflected to any appreciable extent the scenery or life of the new country。
With the discovery of gold a new era began for Australia。
That event induced the flow of a large stream of immigration；
and gave an enormous impetus to the development of the colonies。
Among the ardent spirits attracted here were J。 Lionel Michael； Robert Sealy；
R。 H。 Horne； the Howitts； Henry Kingsley and Adam Lindsay Gordon。 Michael was
a friend of Millais； and an early champion of the Pre…Raphaelite Brotherhood。
Soon after his arrival in Sydney he abandoned the idea of digging for gold；
and began to practise again as a solicitor。 Later on he removed to Grafton
on the Clarence River； there in 1857 Henry Kendall； a boy of 16；
found work in his office； and Michael； discerning his promise；
encouraged him to write。 Most of the boy's earliest verses
were sent from Michael's office to Parkes； who printed them
in his paper ‘The Empire'。 When Kendall left Grafton；
Michael gave him a letter of introduction to Stenhouse；
which brought him in touch with the small literary group in Sydney；
and his first volume； 〃Poems and Songs〃； was published in Sydney in 1862。
It was not long before he recognised the extreme weakness
of most of its contents； and did what he could to suppress the book。
He sent specimens of his best work to the London ‘Athenaeum'；
and wrote a pathetic letter to the Editor； which was printed
in the issue of 27th September； 1862； together with some of the poems
and a most kindly comment。 Kendall soon wrote again； sending more poems；
and received encouraging notices in ‘The Athenaeum' on 19th September； 1863；
27th February； 1864； and 17th February； 1866。 These form
the first favourable pronouncement upon Australian poetry
by an English critical journal of importance。 Their stimulating effect
upon Kendall was very great。 From the indifference of the many
and the carping criticisms of some of the magnates here；
he had appealed to one of the highest literary authorities in England；
and received praise beyond his wildest expectations。
Meanwhile the colony of Victoria； which began its independent career in 1851；
had been advancing even more rapidly than New South Wales。
‘The Argus' newspaper had been in existence since 1846； and other periodicals
sprang up in Melbourne which gave further scope to letters。
‘The Australasian' was established in 1854； and soon became
the most important literary journal in Australia。 Adam Lindsay Gordon；
who had landed in Adelaide in the same year as Henry Kingsley 1853
published a little book of verse in 1864 at Mt。 Gambier； S。A。；
and began to contribute verses to a Melbourne sporting paper in 1866。
These were printed anonymously； and attracted some attention；
but a collection of his ballads 〃Sea Spray and Smoke Drift〃
brought very little praise and no profit。 Marcus Clarke came to Melbourne
in 1864； and soon afterwards began to write for ‘The Argus' and other papers。
About the same time the presence of R。 H。 Horne； the distinguished author
of 〃Orion〃； in Melbourne lent a lustre to that city；
which was for the time the literary centre of Australia。
Horne corresponded with Kendall； and contributed to a paper
edited by Deniehy in Sydney ‘The Southern Cross' （1859…60）。
He was the presiding genius of the literary gatherings
at Dwight's book…shop in Melbourne； and no doubt exercised
a beneficial influence upon the writers around him。
In 1870； after a series of crushing disappointments； Gordon committed suicide。
His dramatic end awakened sympathy and gave an additional interest
to his writings。 It was soon found that in the city and the bush
many of his spirited racing ballads were well known。 The virile；
athletic tone of his verse； which taught
〃How a man should uphold the