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at man； when I first saw him； might have worn； perhaps； a red necktie； let us say poppy…redit may now happen that every time I hear that bell…note I think of a field of poppy…flowers。 Now who can pursue this road of association？
3。 ‘‘Accluding occurrence；'' in which； in the process of the longest possible calm retention of an idea； another appears of itself and associates with the first。 E。 g。； I meet a man who greets me although I do not recognize him。 I may perhaps know who he is； but I do not spontaneously think of it and can not get at his identity constructively； because of lack of material。 I therefore expect something from this ‘‘accluding occurrence'' and with my eyes shut I try as long as possible to keep in mind the idea of this man。 Suddenly； I see him before me with serious face and folded hands； on his right a similar individual and a similar one on his left； above them a high window with a curtainthe man was a juryman who sat opposite me。 But the memory is not exhausted with this。 I aim to banish his image as seated and keep him again before my eyes。 I see an apparent gate beyond him with shelves behind； it is the image of a shop…keeper in a small town who is standing before the door of his shop。 I hold this image straining before my eyes suddenly a wagon appears with just that kind of trapping which I have only once seen to deck the equipage of a land…owner。 I know well who this is； what the little town near his estate is called； and now I suddenly know that the man whose name I want to remember is the merchant X of Y who once was a juryman in my court。 This means of the longest possible retention of an idea； I have made frequent use of with the more intelligent witnesses （it rarely succeeds with women because they are restless）； and all in all； with surprising effects。
4。 ‘‘Retrospective occurrence；'' which consists of the development of associations backward。 E。 g。do what I will； I can not remember the name of a certain man； but I know that he has a title to nobility； which is identical with the name of a small town in Obertfalz。 Finally； the name of the town Hirschau occurs to me； and now I easily associate backwards； ‘‘Schaller von Hirschau。'' It is； of course； natural that words should unroll themselves forwards with habitual ease； but backwards only when we think of the word we are trying to remember； as written； and then associate the whole as a MS。 image。 This is unhappily difficult to use in helping another。
Topic 6。 RECOLLECTION AND MEMORY。
Section 51。
In direct connection with the association of ideas is our recollection and memory； which are only next to perception in legal importance in the knowledge of the witness。 Whether the witness _*wants_ to tell the truth is； of course； a question which depends upon other matters； but whether he _*can_ tell the truth depends upon perception and memory。 Now the latter is a highly complicated and variously organized function which is difficult to understand； even in the daily life； and much more so when everything depends upon whether the witness has noticed anything； how； how long； what part of the impression has sunk more deeply into his mind； and in what direction his defects of memory are to be sought。 It would be inexcusable in the lawyer not to think about this and to make equivalent use of all the phenomena that are presented to him。 To overlook the rich literature and enormous work that has been devoted to this subject is to raise involuntarily the question； for whom was it all done？ Nobody needs a thorough…going knowledge of the essence of memory more than the lawyer。
I advise every criminalist to study the literature of memory and recommend the works of Mnsterberg； Ribot； Ebbinghaus； Cattell； Krpelin； Lasson； Nicolai Lange； Arreat； Richet； Forel； Galton； Biervliet； Paneth； Fauth； Sander； Koch； Lehmann； F； Jodl；＇1＇ etc。
＇1＇ H。 Mnsterberg： Beitrge II； IV。 H。 Ebbinghaus： ber das Gedchtnis。 Leipzig 1885。 J。 M。 Cattell： Mind； Vols。 11…15。 （Articles。） J。 Bourdon： Influence de l'Age sur la Memoire Imm