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lt only a hard push。
It is quite different with the man who causes the wound。 Lotze has rightly called attention to the fact that in mounting a ladder with elastic rungs one perceives clearly the points at which the rungs are fastened to the sides。 The points at which an elastic trellis is fastened is felt when it is shaken； and the resistance of the wood when an axe is used on it。 In the same way the soldier senses clearly the entrance of his sword…point or blade into the body of his enemy。 The last fact is confirmed by the students。 One can clearly distinguish whether the sword has merely beaten through the skin or has sunk deeply and reached the bone。 And this sensation of touch is concentrated in the _*right_ thumb； which is barely under the hilt of the sword at the point where the grip rests。
The importance of the fact that the wounder feels his success lies in the possibility it gives him； when he wants to tell the truth； to indicate reliably whether and how far he has wounded his opponent。 The importance of the testimony of the wounded man lies in its influence on determining； in cases where there were more than one concerned in the assault； which wound is to be assigned to which man。 We often hear from the victim who really desires to tell the truth； ‘‘I was quite convinced that X dealt me the deep stab in the shoulder； but he has only pushed and not stabbed me I did not perceive a stab。'' Just the same； it was X who stabbed him； and if the examining judge explains the matter to the victim； his testimony will be yet more honest。
There are still a few other significant facts。
1。 It is well known that the portion of the skin which covers a bone and which is then so pulled away that it covers a fleshy part； can not easily identify the point of stimulation。 Such transpositions may be made intentionally in this experiment； but they occur frequently through vigorous twists of the body。 When the upper part of the body is drawn backwards； while one is sitting down； a collection of such transpositions occur and it is very hard then to localize a blow or stab。 So； too； when an arm is held backward in such a way as to turn the flat of the hand uppermost。 It is still more difficult to locate a wound when one part of the body is held by another person and the skin pulled aside。
2。 The sensation of wetness is composed of that of cold and easy movement over surface。 Hence； when we touch without warning a cold smooth piece of metal； we think that we are touching something wet。 But the converse is true for we believe that we are touching something cold and smooth when it is only wet。 Hence the numerous mistakes about bleeding after wounds。 The wounded man or his companions believe that they have felt blood when they have only felt some smooth metal； or they have really felt blood and have taken it for something smooth and cold。 Mistakes about whether there was blood or not have led to frequent confusion。
3。 Repetition； and hence summation； intensifies and clarifies the sensation of touch。 As a consequence； whenever we want to test anything by touching it we do so repeatedly； drawing the finger up and down and holding the object between the fingers； for the same reason we repeatedly feel objects with pleasant exteriors。 We like to move our hands up and down smooth or soft furry surfaces； in order to sense them more clearly； or to make the sensation different because of its duration and continuance。 Hence it is important； every time something has to be determined through touch； to ask whether the touch occurred once only or was repeated。 The relation is not the same in this case as between a hasty glance and accurate survey； for in touching； essential differences may appear。
4。 It is very difficult to determine merely by touch whether a thing is straight or crooked； flat； convex or concave。 Weber has shown that a glass plate drawn before the finger in such wise as to be held weakly at first； then more powerfully； then again more powerfully seems to be convex and when the reverse is done； concave。 Flatness is given when the distance is kept constant。
5。 According to Vierordt；＇1＇ the motion of a point at a constant rate over a sizable piece of skin； e。 g。； the back of the hand from the wrist to the finger tips； gives； if not looked at； the definite impression of increasing rapidity。 In the opposite direction； the definiteness is less but increases with the extent of skin covered。 This indicates that mistakes may be made in such wounds as cuts； scratches； etc。
＇1＇ K。 Vierordt： Der Zeitsinn nach Versuchen。 Tbingen 1868。
6。 The problem may arise of the reliability of impressions of habitual pressure。 Weber made the earliest experiments； later verified by Fechner； showing that the sensation of weight differs a great deal on different portions of the skin。 The most sensitive are the forehead； the temples； the eyelids； the inside of the forearm。 The most insensitive are the lips； the trunk and the finger…nails。 If piles of six silver dollars are laid on various parts of the body； and then removed； one at a time； the differences are variously felt。 In order to notice a removal the following number must be taken away：
One dollar from the top of the finger；
One dollar from the sole of the foot；
Two dollars from the flat of the hand；
Two dollars from the shoulder blade；
Three dollars from the heel；
Four dollars from the back of the head；
Four dollars from the breast；
Five dollars from the middle of the back；
Five dollars from the abdomen。
Further examinations have revealed nothing new。 Successful experiments to determine differences between men and women； educated and uneducated； in the acuteness of the sense of pressure； have not been made。 The facts they involve may be of use in cases of assault； choking； etc。
Topic 2。 PERCEPTION AND CONCEPTION。
Section 44。
What lawyers have to consider in the transition from purely sensory impressions to intellectual conceptions of these impressions； is the possibility of later reproducing any observed object or event。 Many so…called scientific distinctions have； under the impulse of scientific psychology； lost their status。 Modern psychology does not see sharply…drawn boundaries between perception and memory； and suggests that the proper solution of the problem of perception is the solution of the problem of knowledge。＇1＇
＇1＇ The first paragraph； pp。 78…79； is omitted in the translation。
With regard to the relation of consciousness to perception we will make the distinctions made by Fischer。＇2＇ There are two spheres or regions of consciousness： the region of sensation； and of external perception。 The former involves the inner structure of the organism； the latter passes from the organism into the objective world。 Consciousness has a sphere of action in which it deals with the external world by means of the motor nerves and muscles； and a sphere of perception which is the business of the senses。
＇2＇ E。 L。 Fischer： Theorie der Gesichtswahrnehmung。 Mainz 1891。
External perception involves three principal functions： apprehension； differentiation； and combination。 Perception in the narrower sense of