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＇1＇ W。 Volkmann v。 Volkmar： Lehrbuch der Psychologie （2 vols。）。 Cthen 1875
＇2＇ J。 Metzger： ‘‘Gerichtlich…medizinische Abhandhingen。'' Knigsberg 1803
＇3＇ Ernst Platner： Questiones medicinae forensic； tr。 German by Hederich
＇4＇ J。 C。 Hoffbauer Die Psychologie in ibren Hauptanwendungen auf die Rechtspflege。 Halle 1823。
＇5＇ G。 A。 Grohmann： Ideen zu einer physiognomisehen Anthropologie。 Leipzig 1791。
Heinroth；＇1＇ Sehaumann；＇2＇ Mnch；＇3＇ Eckartshausen；＇4＇ and others。 In Kant's time the subject was a bone of contention between faculties； Kant representing in the quarrel the philosophic； Metzger； Hoffbauer； and Fries；＇5＇ the medical faculties。 Later legal psychology was simply absorbed by psychiatry； and thereby completely subsumed among the medical disciplines； in spite of the fact that Regnault；＇6＇ still later； attempted to recover it for philosophy； as is pointed out in Friedreich's＇7＇ well…known text…book （cf。 moreover V。 Wilbrand's＇8＇ text…book）。 Nowadays； criminal psychology； as represented by Kraus；＇9＇ Krafft… Ebing；＇10＇ Maudsley；＇11＇ Holtzendorff；＇12＇ Lombroso；＇13＇ and others has become a branch of criminal anthropology。 It is valued as the doctrine of motives in crime； or； according to Liszt； as the investigation of the psychophysical condition of the criminal。 It is thus only a part of the subject indicated by its name。＇14＇ How utterly criminal psychology has become incorporated in criminal anthropology is demonstrated by the works of Ncke；＇15＇ Kurella；＇16＇ Bleuler；＇17＇ Dallemagne；＇18＇ Marro；＇19＇ Ellis；＇20＇ Baer；＇21＇ Koch；＇22＇ Maschka；＇23＇ Thomson；＇24＇ Ferri；＇25＇ Bonfigli；＇26＇ Corre；＇27＇ etc。
＇1＇ Johann Heinroth： Grundzuge der Kriminalpsychologie。 Berlin 1833。
＇2＇ Schaumann： Ideen zu einer Kriminalpsychologie。 Halle 1792。
＇3＇ Mnch： ber den Einfluss der Kriminalpsychologie auf Pin System der Kriminal…Rechts。 Nrnberg 1790。
＇4＇ Eckartshausen。 ber die Notwendigkeit psychologiseher Kenntnisse bei Beurteilung von Verbreehern。 Mnchen； 1791。
＇5＇ J。 Fries： Handbuch der psychologischer Anthropologie。 Jena； 1820。
＇6＇ E。 Regnault： Das gerichtliche Urteil der rzte ber psychologische Zustande。 Cln； 1830。
＇7＇ J。 B。 Friedreich： System der gerichtlichen Psychologie。 Regensburg 1832。
＇8＇ Wilbrand： Gerichtliche Psychologie。 1858。
＇9＇ Kraus： Die Psychologie des Verbrechens。 Tbingen； 1884。
＇10＇ v。 Krafft…Ebing： Die zweifelhaften Geisteszustnde。 Erlangen 1873。
＇11＇ Maudsley： Physiology and Pathology of the Mind。
＇12＇ v。 Holtzendorffarticles in ‘‘Rechtslexikon。''
＇13＇ Lombroso： L'uomo delinquente； ete。
＇14＇ Asehaffenburg： Articles in Zeitscheift f。 d。 gesamten Strafreehtwissensehaften； especially in。 XX； 201。
＇15＇ Dr。 P。 Ncke： ber Kriminal Psychologie； in the above…mentioned Zeitschrift； Vol。 XVII。 Verbrechen und Wahnsinn beim Weibe。 Vienna； Leipsig； 1884。 Moral Insanity： rztliche Sachverstndigen…Zeitung； 1895； Neurologisches Zentralblatt； Nos。 11 and 16。 1896
＇16＇ Kurella： Naturgesehichte des Verbreehers。 Stuttgart 1893。
＇17＇ Blenler： Der geborene Verbrecher。 Munchen 1896。
＇18＇ Dallemagne。 Kriminalanthropologie。 Paris 1896。
19＇ Marro： I caratteri dei deliquenti。 Turin 1887。 I carcerati。 Turin 1885。
＇20＇ Havelock Ellis： The Criminal。 London 1890。
＇21＇ A。 Baer： Der Verbrecher Leipzig 1893。
＇22＇ Koch。 Die Frage nach dem geborenen Verbrecher。 Ravensberg 1894。
＇23＇ Maschka。 Elandbuch der Gerichtlichen Medizin （vol。 IV）。 Tbingen 1883。
＇24＇ Thomson。 Psychologie der Verbrecher。
＇25＇ Ferri： Gerichtl。 Psychologie。 Mailand 1893。
＇26＇ Bonfigli： Die Natugeschichte des Verbrechers。 Mailand 1892。
＇27＇ Corre： Les Criminels。 Paris 1889。
Literally； criminal psychology should be _that form of psychology used in dealing with crime_； not merely； the psychopathology of criminals； the natural history of the criminal mind。 But taken even literally； this is not all the psychology required by the criminalist。 No doubt crime is an objective thing。 Cain would actually have slaughtered Abel even if at the time Adam and Eve were already dead。 But for us each crime exists only as we perceive it；as we learn to know it through all those media established for us in criminal procedure。 But these media are based upon sense…perception； upon the perception of the judge and his assistants； i。 e。： upon witnesses； accused； and experts。 Such perceptions must be psychologically validated。 The knowledge of the principles of this validation demands again a special department of general psychologyeven such a _pragmatic applied psychology as will deal with all states of mind that might possibly be involved in the determination and judgment of crime_。 It is the aim of this book to present such a psychology。 ‘‘If we were gods；'' writes Plato in the Symposium； ‘‘there would be no philosophy''and if our senses were truer and our sense keener； we should need no psychology。 As it is we must strive hard to determine certainly how we see and think； we must understand these processes according to valid laws organized into a system otherwise we remain the shuttlecocks of sense； misunderstanding and accident。 We must know how all of us；we ourselves； witnesses； experts； and accused； observe and perceive； we must know how they think；and how they demonstrate； we must take into account how variously mankind infer and perceive； what mistakes and illusions may ensue； how people recall and bear in mind； how everything varies with age； sex； nature； and cultivation。 We must also see clearly what series of influences can prevail to change all those things which would have been different under normal conditions。 Indeed； the largest place in this book will be given to the witness and the judge himself； since we want in fact； from the first to keep in mind the creation of material for our instruction； but the psychology of the criminal must also receive consideration where… ever the issue is not concerned with his so…called psychoses； but with the validation of evidence。
Our method will be that fundamental to all psychological investigation； and may be divided into three parts：＇1＇
1。 The preparation of a review of psychological phenomena。
＇1＇ P。 Jessen： Versuch einer wissenschaftlichen Begrundung der Psychologie。 Berlin 1855。
2。 Study of causal relationships。
3。 Establishment of the principles of psychic activity。
The subject…matter will be drawn on the one hand； from that already presented by psychological science； but will be treated throughout from the point of view of the criminal judge； and prepared for his purposes。 On the other hand； the material will be drawn from these observations that alone the criminologist at work can make； and on this the principles of psychology will be brought to bear。
We shall not espouse either pietism； scepticism； or criticism。 We have merely to consider the individual phenomena； as they may concern the criminalist； to examine them and to establish whatever value the material may have for him； what portions may be of use to him in the interest of discovering the truth； and where the dangers may lurk that menace him。 And just as we are aware that the comprehensio