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But in many cases the criminalist must act alone since in those cases there is neither disease nor a physiological condition by way of explanation but merely a simple fact of the daily life which any educated layman must deal with for himself。 Suppose； e。 g。； we are studying the influence of a dream upon our emotions。 It has been shown that frequently one may spend a whole day under the influence of a dream； that one's attitude is happy and merry as if something pleasant had been learned； or one is cross； afraid； excited； as if something unhappy had happened。 The reason and source of these attitudes is frequently a pleasant or unpleasant dream； and sometimes this may be at work subconsciously and unremembered。 We have already shown that so…called errors of memory are to a large extent attributable to dreams。＇2＇
This effect of the dream may be of significance in women； excitable men； and especially in children。 There are children who consider their dreams as real experiences； and women who are unable to distinguish between dreams and real experience； while the senile and aged can not distinguish dreams and memories because their memories and the power to distinguish have become weakened。＇3＇
I know of an eight…year…old child who after dinner had gone looking for chestnuts with a man。 In the evening it came home happy but woke up in tears and confessed that the man in question had
＇1＇ Cf。 S。 Freud： Traumdeutung。 Leipzig 1900 （for the complete bibliography）。 B。 Sidis： An Experimental Study of Sleep： Journal of Abnormal Psychology。
＇2＇ Maudsley。 Physiology and Pathology of the Mind。
＇3＇ Cf。 Altmann in H。 Gross's Archiv。 I； 261。
raped it。 Another case concerns a great burglary which had caused its victims considerable excitement。 The second day after the event the ten or twelve…year…old daughter of the victim asserted with certainty that she had recognized the son of a neighbor among the thieves。 In both cases there were serious legal steps taken against the suspects； and in both cases the children finally admitted； after much thinking； that they had possibly dreamed the whole matter of their complaints。
The character…mark of such cases is the fact that the children do not make their assertions immediately； but after one or two nights have passed。 Hence； whenever this occurs one must entertain at least the suspicion that reality and dreams have been confused。
Similarly； Taine narrates that Baillarger once dreamed that he had been made director of a certain journal； and believed it so definitely that he told it to a number of people。 Then there is the familiar dream of Julius Scaliger。 Leibnitz writes that Scaliger had praised in verse the famous men of Verona。 In dream he saw a certain Brugnolus who complained that he had been forgotten。 Later Scaliger's son Joseph discovered that there really had been a Brugnolus who had distinguished himself as grammarian and critic。 Obviously Scaliger senior had once known； and had completely forgotten about him。 In this case the dream had been just a refreshing of the memory。 Such a dream may be of importance； but is unreliable and must be dealt with carefully。
To get at a point of departure concerning the nature of the sleep and the dreams of any given person； we may classify them with reference to the following propositions：＇1＇ 1。 The vividness of dreams increases with their frequency。 2。 The lighter the sleep the more frequent the dreams。 3。 Women sleep less profoundly than men and hence dream more。 4。 With increasing age dreams become rarer and sleep less profound。 b。 Who sleeps lightly needs less sleep。 6。 The feminine need of sleep is greater。 I might add with regard to the last point that the fact that women are better able to endure nursing children or invalids constitutes only an apparent contradiction of this point。 The need of sleep is not decreased； but the goodwill and the joy of sacrifice is greater in woman than in man。
The extraordinary things people do in half…dream and in sleep are numerously exemplified by Jessen。 Most of them are taken from the older literature； but are quite reliable。 A comparison indicates
＇1＇ F。 Heerwazen Statistische Untersuchung ber Trume und Schlaf。 Wundt's Philosophische Studien V； 1889。
that such somnambulistic conduct occurs most frequently among the younger； more powerful； over…strained people； who； e。 g。； have not slept for two successive nights； and then have been awakened from deep sleep。 It is remarkable that they often act intelligently under such circumstancesthat the physician writes the proper prescription or the factory superintendent gives the proper orders； but neither knows anything about it later on。 Criminalistically their significance lies on the one hand in the fact that they can be investigated with regard to their correctness； and on the other that they occur to people who had no reason to falsify。 If a defendant tells about some such experience； we lack the means and the power to make an accurate examination of the matter； and tend for this reason to disbelieve him。 Moreover； his very position throws doubt upon his statements。 But this is just the ground for a careful study of similar occurrences in trustworthy people。＇1＇ All authorities agree that actions during sleepiness＇2＇ occur almost always in the first deep sleep； disturbed by dreams； of over…fatigued； strong individuals。
An important circumstance is the phenomenon cited by Jessen and othersthe capacity of some people to fall calmly asleep in spite of tremendous excitement。 Thus； Napoleon fell into deep sleep during the most critical moment at Leipzig。 This capacity is sometimes cited as evidence of innocence。 But it is not convincing。
We have yet to mention the peculiar illusions of the phenomena of movement which occur just before falling asleep。 Panum tells how he once inhaled ether； and then observed； lying in bed； how the pictures on the wall went further and further back； came forward and withdrew； again and again。 Similar things happen to sleepy people。 Thus； the preacher in church seems progressively to withdraw and return。 The criminalistic significance of such illusions may be in the observation of movements by people who are falling asleep； e。 g。； of thieves who seemed to be approaching the witnesses' beds； though standing still。
That sleeping people may be influenced in definite ways is indubitable。 Cases are mentioned in which sleepers could be made to believe any story； they would dream of it； and later on believe it。 There is in this connection the story of the officer who acquired the love of a young girl in this fashion； the girl had shown definite distaste for him at first； but after he had told her during her sleep；
＇1＇ P。 Jessen： Versuch einer wissenschaftlichen Begrndung der Psychologie。 Berlin 1885。
＇2＇ Cf。 H。 Gross's Archiv。 XIII 161； XIV 189。
in her mother's presence； of his love and loyalty； she began in the course of time to return it。 It is a fact that certain of our burglars believe similar things； and carry them out in most cases with the assistance of red light； to which they assign hypnotic power。 They claim that with a lantern with red glass they ar