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ut not the great merchant whose ships go round the world。 The feeling of the private toward his general； the peasant toward his landlord； is not really envy； it is desire to be like him。 It is anger that the other is better off； but inasmuch as the emotion lacks that effective capacity which we require for envy； we can not call it envy。 It becomes envy when something by way of intrigue or evil communication； etc。； has been undertaken against the envied person。 Thus the mere _*feeling_ is confessed at once。 People say； ‘‘How I envy him this trip； his magnificent health； his gorgeous automobile； etc。'' They do not say： ‘‘I have enviously spoken evil of him； or done this or that against him。'' Yet it is in the latter form that the actual passion of envy expresses itself。
The capacity of the envious for false representation makes them particularly dangerous in the court…room。 If we want to discover anything about an individual we naturally inquire of his colleagues； his relatives； etc。 But it is just among these that envy rules。 If you inquire of people without influence you learn nothing from them； since they do not understand the matter； if you ask professional people they speak enviously or selfishly； and that constitutes our dilemma。 Our attention may be called to envy by the speaker's hesitation； his reserved manner of answering。 This is the same in all classes； and is valuable because it may warn us against very bad misunderstandings。
As a rule； nothing can be said about passion as a source of crime。 We may assume that passion passes through three periods。 The first is characterized by the general or partial recurrence of older images； in the second； the new idea employs its dominating place negatively or positively with respect to the older one；the passion culminates； and in the third； the forcibly…disturbed emotional equilibrium is restored。 Most emotions are accompanied by well… known physical phenomena。 Some have been thoroughly studied； e。 g。； the juristically important emotion of fear。 In fear； breathing is irregular； inspiration is frequently broken； a series of short breaths is followed by one or more deep ones； inspiration is short； expiration is prolonged； one or the other is sobbing。 All these phenomena are only a single consequence of the increase of respiratory changes。 The irregularity of the latter causes coughing； then a disturbance of speech； which is induced by the irregular action of the muscles of the jaw； and in part by the acceleration of the breathing。 In the stages of echoing fear； yawning occurs； and the distention of the pupils may be noticed as the emotion develops。 This is what we often see when a denying defendant finds himself confounded by evidence； etc。
The most remarkable and in no way explicable fact is； that these phenomena do not occur in innocent people。 One might think that the fear of being innocently convicted would cause an expression of dread； anger； etc。； but it does not cause an expression of real terror。 I have no other than empirical evidence of the fact； so that many more observations are required before any fresh inferences are deduced therefrom anent a man's guilt or innocence。 We must never forget that under such circumstances passions and emotions often change into their opposites according to rule。 Parsimony becomes extravagance； and conversely； love becomes hate。 Many a man becomes altogether too foolhardy because of despairing fear。 So it may happen that terror may become petrifying coldness； and then not one of the typical marks of terror appears。 But it betrays itself just as certainly by its icy indifference as by its own proper traits。 Just as passions transmute into their opposites； so they carry a significant company of subordinate characteristics。 Thus； dread or fear is accompanied by disorderly impertinence； sensuality by cruelty。 The latter connection is of great importance to us； for it frequently eliminates difficulties in the explanation of crime。 That cruelty and lasciviousness have the same root has long been known。 The very ecstasy of adventurous and passionate love is frequently connected with a certain cruel tendency。 Women are； as a rule； more ferocious than men。＇1＇ It is asserted that a woman in love is constantly desiring her man。 If this be true； the foregoing statement is sufficiently explained。 In one sense the connection between sexual passion and cruelty is bound up with that unsatiability which is characteristic of several passions。 It is best to be observed in passions for property； especially such as involve the sense…perception of money。 It is quite correct to speak of the overwhelming； devilish power of gold； of the sensual desire to roll in gold； of the irresistible ring of coins； etc。 And it is also correctly held that money has the same definite influence on man as blood on preying animals。 We all know innumerable examples of quite decent people who were led to serious crimes by the mere sight of a large sum of money。 Knowledge of this tendency may； on occasion； lead to clues； and even to the personality of the criminal。
＇1＇ A。 Eulenberg： Sexuale Neuropathie。 Leipzig 1895。
Section 96。 （f） Honor。
Kant says that a man's honor consists in what people think about him； a woman's in what people say about her。 Another authority believes that honor and a sense of honor are an extension of the sense of self in and through others。 The essence of my honor is my belief that I exist for others； that my conduct will be judged and valued not only by myself but by others。 Falstaff calls honor the painted picture at a funeral。 Our authors are both right and wrong； for honor is simply the position a man takes with regard to the world； so that even gamins may be said to have honor。 Unwillingness to see this may cause us criminalists considerable trouble。 One of the worst men I ever met in my profession； a person guilty of the nastiest crimes； so nasty that he had driven his honorable parents to suicide； had at the expiration of his last sentence of many years in prison； said literally； ‘‘I offer no legal objection against the sentence。 I beg； however； for three days' suspension so that I may write a series of farewell letters which I could not write as a prisoner。'' Even in the heart of this man there was still the light of what other people call honor。 We often find similar things which may be used to our advantage in examination。 Not； of course； for the purpose of getting confession； accusation of accomplices； etc。 This might； indeed； serve the interests of the case； but it is easy to identify a pliable attitude with an honorable inclination； and the former must certainly not be exploited； even with the best intention。 Moreover； among persons of low degree； an inclination toward decency will hardly last long and will briefly give way to those inclinations which are habitual to bad men。 Then they are sorry for what they had permitted to occur in their better moment and curse those who had made use of that moment。
It is often funny to see the points at which the criminal seeks his ‘‘honor。'' What is proper for a thief； may be held improper for a robber。 The burglar hates to be identified with the pick…pocket。 Many