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may have seen only what was happening to his brother。 The numismatist may have observed only a bracelet with a rare coin in a heap of stolen valuables。 In a long anarchistic speech the witness may have heard only what threatened his own welfare。 And so on。 The very thing looks different if； for whatever reason； it is uninteresting or intensely interesting。 A color is quite different when it is in fashion； a flower different when we know it to be artificial； the sun is brighter at home； and home…grown fruit tastes better。 But there is still another group of specific influences on our conceptions and interpretations； the examples of which have been increasing unbrokenly。 One of these is the variety in the significance of words。 Words have become symbols of concepts； and simple words have come to mean involved mathematical and philosophical ideas。 It is conceivable that two men may connote quite different things by the word ‘‘symbol。'' And even in thinking and construing； in making use of perceived facts； different conceptions may arise through presenting the fact to another with symbols； that to him； signify different things。 The difference may perhaps not be great； but when it is taken in connection with the associations and suggestions of the word used； small mistakes multiply and the result is quite different from what it might have been if another meaning had been the starting…point。 The use of foreign words； in a sense different from that used by us； may lead us far astray。 It must be borne in mind that the meaning of the foreign word frequently does not coincide with the sense it has in the dictionary。 Hence； it is dangerous in adducing evidence to use foreign expressions when it is important to adhere strictly to a single meaning。 Taine says； correctly： ‘‘Love and amour； girl and jeune fille； song and chanson； are not identical although they are substituted for one another。'' It is； moreover； pointed out that children； especially； are glad to substitute and alter ideas for which one word stands； so that they expand or contract its meaning haphazard。 Bow…wow may first mean a dog； then a horse； then all animals； and a child who was once shown a fir tree in the forest said it wasn't a fir tree； for fir trees come only at Christmas。
This process is not confined to children。 At one time or another we hear a word。 As soon as we hear it we connect it with an idea。 This connection will rarely be correct； largely because we have heard the word for the first time。 Later； we get our idea from events in which this word occurs； of course； in connection with the object we instantaneously understand the word to mean。 In time we learn another word； and word and meaning have changed； correctly or incorrectly。 A comparison of these changes in individuals would show how easy both approximations and diversifications in meaning are。 It must follow that any number of misunderstandings can develop； and many an alteration in the conception of justice and decency； considered through a long period； may become very significant in indicating the changes in the meaning of words。 Many a time； if we bear thoroughly in mind the mere changes in the meaning of the word standing for a doubtful fact； we put ourselves in possession of the history of morals。 Even the most important quarrels would lapse if the quarreling persons could get emotionally at the intent of their opponent's words。
In this connection questions of honor offer a broad field of examples。 It is well known that German is rich in words that show personal dislikes； and also； that the greater portion of these words are harmless in themselves。 But one man understands this； the other that； when he hears the words； and finally； German is in the curious position of being the cause of the largest number of attacks on honor and of cases of slander in the world。 Where the Frenchman laughs and becomes witty； the German grows sullen； insulting； and looks for trouble。 The French call sensitiveness to insignificant and worthless things； the German way of quarreling （faire querelle d'allemand）。 Many a slander case in court is easily settled by showing people the value of the word。 Many who complained that they were called a creature； a person； etc。； went away satisfied as soon as the whole meaning of the words had been explained to them。
In conclusion； just a word concerning the influence of time on conception。 Not the length of past time； but the value of the time… span is what is important in determining an event。 According to Herbart； there is a form of temporal repetition； and time is the form of repetition。 If he is right it is inevitable that time； fast…moving or slow…moving； must influence the conception of events。 It is well…known that monotony in the run of time makes it seem slow； while time full of events goes swiftly； but appears long in memory； because a large number of points have to be thought through。 Mnsterberg shows that we have to stop at every separate point； and so time seems； in memory； longer。 But this is not universally valid。 Aristotle had already pointed out that a familiar road appears to be shorter than an unfamiliar one； and this is contradictory to the first proposition。 So； a series of days flies away if we spend them quietly and calmly in vacation in the country。 Their swiftness is surprising。 Then when something of importance occurs in our life and it is directly succeeded by a calm； eventless period； this seems very long in memory； although it should have seemed long when it occurred； and short in the past。 These and similar phenomena are quite unexplained； and all that can be said after numerous experiments is； that we conceive short times as long； and long times as short。 Now； we may add the remarkable fact that most people have no idea of the duration of very small times； especially of the minute。 Ask any individual to sit absolutely quiet； without counting or doing anything else； and to indicate the passing of each minute up to five。 He will say that the five minutes have passed at the end of never more than a minute and a half。 So witnesses in estimating time will make mistakes also； and these mistakes； and other nonsense； are written into the protocols。
There are two means of correction。 Either have the witness determine the time in terms of some familiar form； i。 e。； a paternoster； etc。； or give him the watch and let him observe the second hand。 In the latter case he will assert that his ten； or his five； or his twenty minutes were； at most； no more than a half or a whole minute。
The problem of time is still more difficult when the examination has to be made with regard to the estimation of still longer periods weeks； months； or years。 There is no means of making any test。 The only thing that experience definitely shows is； that the certainty of such estimates depends on their being fixed by distinct events。 If anybody says that event A occurred four or five days before event B； we may believe him if； e。 g。； he adds； ‘‘For when A occurred we began to cut corn； and when B occurred we harvested it。 And between these two events there were four or five days。'' If he can not adduce similar judgments； we must never depend upon him