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ed a quarter of a century beforehand that the next pretext of revolution would be slavery。 De Tocqueville recognized with that penetrating insight which analyzed our institutions and conditions so keenly； that the Union was to be endangered by slavery； not through its interests； but through the change of character it was bringing about in the people of the two sections； the same fatal change which George Mason； more than half a century before； had declared to be the most pernicious effect of the system； adding the solemn warning； now fearfully justifying itself in the sight of his descendants； that 〃by an inevitable chain of causes and effects； Providence punishes national sins by national calamities。〃 The Virginian romancer pictured the far…off scenes of the conflict which he saw approaching as the prophets of Israel painted the coming woes of Jerusalem； and the strong iconoclast of Boston announced the very year when the curtain should rise on the yet unopened drama。
The wise men of the past； and the shrewd men of our own time； who warned us of the calamities in store for our nation； never doubted what was the cause which was to produce first alienation and finally rupture。 The descendants of the men 〃daily exercised in tyranny；〃 the 〃petty tyrants〃 as their own leading statesmen called them long ago； came at length to love the institution which their fathers had condemned while they tolerated。 It is the fearful realization of that vision of the poet where the lost angels snuff up with eager nostrils the sulphurous emanations of the bottomless abyss；so have their natures become changed by long breathing the atmosphere of the realm of darkness。
At last； in the fulness of time； the fruits of sin ripened in a sudden harvest of crime。 Violence stalked into the senate…chamber； theft and perjury wound their way into the cabinet； and； finally； openly organized conspiracy； with force and arms； made burglarious entrance into a chief stronghold of the Union。 That the principle which underlay these acts of fraud and violence should be irrevocably recorded with every needed sanction； it pleased God to select a chief ruler of the false government to be its Messiah to the listening world。 As with Pharaoh； the Lord hardened his heart； while he opened his mouth； as of old he opened that of the unwise animal ridden by cursing Balaam。 Then spake Mr。 〃Vice…President〃 Stephens those memorable words which fixed forever the theory of the new social order。 He first lifted a degraded barbarism to the dignity of a philosophic system。 He first proclaimed the gospel of eternal tyranny as the new revelation which Providence had reserved for the western Palestine。 Hear； O heavens！ and give ear； O earth！ The corner…stone of the new…born dispensation is the recognized inequality of races； not that the strong may protect the weak； as men protect women and children； but that the strong may claim the authority of Nature and of God to buy； to sell； to scourge； to hunt； to cheat out of the reward of his labor； to keep in perpetual ignorance； to blast with hereditary curses throughout all time； the bronzed foundling of the New World； upon whose darkness has dawned the star of the occidental Bethlehem！
After two years of war have consolidated the opinion of the Slave States； we read in the 〃Richmond Examiner〃： 〃The establishment of the Confederacy is verily a distinct reaction against the whole course of the mistaken civilization of the age。 For 'Liberty； Equality； Fraternity；' we have deliberately substituted Slavery； Subordination； and Government。〃
A simple diagram； within the reach of all； shows how idle it is to look for any other cause than slavery as having any material agency in dividing the country。 Match the two broken pieces of the Union； and you will find the fissure that separates them zigzagging itself half across the continent like an isothermal line； shooting its splintery projections； and opening its reentering angles； not merely according to the limitations of particular States； but as a county or other limited section of ground belongs to freedom or to slavery。 Add to this the official statement made in 1862； that 〃there is not one regiment or battalion； or even company of men； which was organized in or derived from the Free States or Territories； anywhere； against the Union〃； throw in gratuitously Mr。 Stephens's explicit declaration in the speech referred to； and we will consider the evidence closed for the present on this count of the indictment。
In the face of these predictions； these declarations； this line of fracture； this precise statement； testimony from so many sources； extending through several generations； as to the necessary effect of slavery； a priori； and its actual influence as shown by the facts； few will suppose that anything we could have done would have stayed its course or prevented it from working out its legitimate effects on the white subjects of its corrupting dominion。 Northern acquiescence or even sympathy may have sometimes helped to make it sit more easily on the consciences of its supporters。 Many profess to think that Northern fanaticism； as they call it； acted like a mordant in fixing the black dye of slavery in regions which would but for that have washed themselves free of its stain in tears of penitence。 It is a delusion and a snare to trust in any such false and flimsy reasons where there is enough and more than enough in the institution itself to account for its growth。 Slavery gratifies at once the love of power； the love of money； and the love of ease； it finds a victim for anger who cannot smite back his oppressor； and it offers to all； without measure； the seductive privileges which the Mormon gospel reserves for the true believers on earth； and the Bible of Mahomet only dares promise to the saints in heaven。
Still it is common； common even to vulgarism； to hear the remark that the same gallows…tree ought to bear as its fruit the arch…traitor and the leading champion of aggressive liberty。 The mob of Jerusalem was not satisfied with its two crucified thieves； it must have a cross also for the reforming Galilean； who interfered so rudely with its conservative traditions！ It is asserted that the fault was quite as much on our side as on the other； that our agitators and abolishers kindled the flame for which the combustibles were all ready on the other side of the border。 If these men could have been silenced； our brothers had not died。
Who are the persons that use this argument？ They are the very ones who are at the present moment most zealous in maintaining the right of free discussion。 At a time when every power the nation can summon is needed to ward off the blows aimed at its life； and turn their force upon its foes；when a false traitor at home may lose us a battle by a word； and a lying newspaper may demoralize an army by its daily or weekly stillicidium of poison； they insist with loud acclaim upon the liberty of speech and of the press； liberty； nay license； to deal with government； with leaders； with every measure； however urgent； in any terms they choose； to traduce the officer before his own soldiers； and assail the only men who have any claim at all to ru