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him； if he is required to devote himself to horsemanship so assiduously； let
him console himself with the reflection that the pains and labours
undergone by any man in training for a gymnastic contest are far larger
and more formidable than any which the severest training of the horseman
will involve； and for this reason； that the greater part of gymnastic
exercises are performed 〃in the sweat of the brow；〃 while equestrian
exercise is performed with pleasure。 Indeed； there is no accomplishment
which so nearly realises the aspiration of a man to have the wings of a bird
than this of horsemanship。＇7＇ But further； to a victory obtained in war
attaches a far greater weight of glory than belongs to the noblest contest of
the arena。＇8＇ Of these the state indeed will share her meed of glory；＇9＇ but
in honour of victory in war the very gods are wont to crown whole states
with happiness。＇10＇ So that； for my part； I know not if there be aught else
which has a higher claim to be practised than the arts of war。
＇7＇ Cf。 〃Cyrop。〃 IV。 iii。 15； Herod。 iv。 132； Plat。 〃Rep。〃 v。 467 D。
＇8＇ Cf。 Eur。 〃Autolycus；〃 fr。 1； trans。 by J。 A。 Symonds； 〃Greek
Poets；〃 2nd series； p。 283。
＇9＇ Cf。 Plut。 〃Pelop。〃 34 （Clough； ii。 p。 235）： 〃And yet who would
compare all the victories in the Pythian and Olympian games put
together； with one of these enterprises of Pelopidas； of which he
successfully performed so many？〃
＇10＇ 〃To bind about the brows of states happiness as a coronal。〃
And this； too； is worth noting： that the buccaneer by sea； the
privateersman； through long practice in endurance； is able to live at the
expense of far superior powers。 Yes； and the life of the freebooter is no
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less natural and appropriate to landsmenI do not say； to those who can
till and gather in the fruit of their fields； but to those who find themselves
deprived of sustenance； since there is no alternativeeither men must till
their fields or live on the tillage of others； otherwise how will they find the
means either of living or of obtaining peace？＇11＇
＇11＇ Cf。 〃Econ。〃 v。 7。
Here； too； is a maxim to engrave upon the memory： in charging a
superior force； never to leave a difficult tract of ground in the rear of your
attack； since there is all the difference in the world between a stumble in
flight and a stumble in pursuit。
There is another precaution which I feel called upon to note。 Some
generals；＇12＇ in attacking a force which they imagine to be inferior to their
own； will advance with a ridiculously insufficient force；＇13＇ so that it is
the merest accident if they do not experience the injury they were minded
to inflict。 Conversely； in attacking any enemy whose superiority is a well…
known fact； they will bring the whole of their force into action。
＇12＇ Or； 〃one knows of generals；〃 e。g。 Iphicrates at Oneion； 369 B。C。
Cf。 〃Hell。〃 VI。 v。 51。
＇13＇ Lit。 〃an absolutely weak force。〃
Now； my maxim would be precisely converse： if you attack with a
prospect of superiority； do not grudge employing all the power at your
command； excess of victory＇14＇ never yet caused any conqueror one pang
of remorse。
＇14＇ Or； 〃a great and decided victory。〃 Cf。 〃Hiero；〃 ii。 16。
But in any attempt to attack superior forces； in full certainty that； do
what you can； you must eventually retire； it is far better； say I； under these
circumstances to bring a fraction only of your whole force into action；
which fraction should be the pick and flower of the troops at your
command； both horses and men。 A body of that size and quality will be
able to strike a blow and to fall back with greater security。 Whereas； if a
general brings all his troops into action against a superior force； when he
wishes to retire； certain things must happen： those of his men who are
worse mounted will be captured； others through lack of skill in
horsemanship will be thrown； and a third set be cut off owing to mere
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difficulties of ground； since it is impossible to find any large tract of
country exactly what you would desire。 If for no other reason； through
sheer stress of numbers there will be collisions； and much damage done by
kicks through mutual entanglement； whereas a pick of horse and men will
be able to escape offhand；＇15＇ especially if you have invention to create a
scare in the minds of the pursuers by help of the moiety of troops who are
out of action。＇16＇ For this purpose false ambuscades will be of use。
＇15＇ Or； 〃by themselves；〃 reading ｛ex auton｝； as L。 Dind。 suggests。
Cf。 Polyb。 x。 40。 6； or if as vulg。 ｛ex auton｝ （sub。 ｛kheiron｝； Weiske）；
transl。 〃to slip through their fingers。〃
＇16＇ Zeune and other commentators cf Liv。 v。 38 （Diod。 xiv。 114）； but
the part played by the Roman subsidiarii at the battle of the Allia； if
indeed 〃una salus fugientibus；〃 was scarcely happy。 Would not
〃Hell。〃 VII。 v。 26 be more to the point？ The detachment of cavalry
and infantry placed by Epaminondas 〃on certain crests； to create an
apprehension in the minds of the Athenians〃 in that quarter of the
field at Mantinea was a ｛mekhanema｝ of the kind here
contemplated。
Another serviceable expedient will be to discover on which side a
friendly force may suddenly appear and without risk to itself put a drag on
the wheels of the pursuer。 Nay； it is self…evident； I think； that； as far as
work and speed are concerned； it is the small body which will assert its
superiority more rapidly over the larger； and not vice versanot of course
that the mere fact of being a small body will enable them to endure toil or
give them wings； but simply it is easier to find five men than five hundred；
who will take the requisite care and pains with their horses； and personally
practise of their own accord the art of horsemanship。
But suppose the