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vill3-第39章

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ready in decay。 Commutation of services; the spread of cultivation over the waste; and the surrender of portions of the demesne to the increasing dependent population; must largely account for the contrast between Domesday and the Hundred Rolls。 But an important residue remains; which must be explained on the assumption that in many cases the shares of the community were originally distributed among free people who had nothing or little to do with manorial work。     Three conclusions have been arrived at in this chapter。     1。 The home…farm; though the necessary central unit of the manorial group; did not; as a rule; occupy a large area; and the break…up of feudalism tended to lessen its extension in favour of the dependent population。     2。 The peculiar feature of medieval husbandry  the grouping of small households round an aristocratic centre  entailed the existence of a large class engaged in collecting revenue; superintending work; and generally conducting the machinery by which the tributary parts were joined with their centre。     3。 The position of free tenements within the manor may be ascribed to one of three causes: (a) they have been the tenements of serfs; but; in consequence either of some general commutation or of special feoffments; they have become free; or (b) their connexion with the manor has all along been rather a matter of jurisdiction than a matter of proprietary right; that is to say; they form part of the manor chiefly because they are within the scope of the manorial court; or (c) they represent free shares in a village community upon which the manorial structure has been superimposed。

NOTES:



1。 Bracton; iv。 9。 5; f。 263: 'Est autem dominicum quod quis habet ad mensam suam et proprie; sicut sunt Bordlands Anglice。'

2。 Madox; History of the Exchequer; i。 407。。; Concessisse unam virgatam terrae in Husfelds; scilicet 20 acras uno anno et 20 acras alio。'

3。 In Beauchamp; a manor of St。 Paul's; London; the home farm is one of the largest。 Domesday of St。 Paul's; 28: 'In dominico tam de wainagio veteri quam de novo essarto 676 acre terre arabilis et de prato 18 acre et de pastura 8 acras 'sic' et in magno bosco bene vestito quinquies 20 acre et in duabus granis Dorile et Langele 16 acras。'

4。 As to the economic aspects of the subject; see Thorold Rogers; History of Agriculture and Prices; Ashley; Introduction to the Study of Economic History; and Cunningham; Growth of Industry and Commerce (2nd ed。)。

5。 Harl。 MSS。 1006; f 2。

6。 Ramsey Cart。 (Rolls Series); i。 282: 'Quae culture coli possunt sufficienter cum tribus carucis propriis et consuetudine carrucarum ville et duabus precariis carucis (corr。 carucarum?); quae consuetudo ad valentiam trium carucarum aestimatur。' Domesday of St。 Paul's; 13; 14: 'Potest ibidem fieri wainagium cum 5 carucis quarum tres habent 4 boves et 4 equos et due singule 6 equos cum consuetudinibus villate propter (corr。 praeter?) dominicum de Luffehale et alia quae remota sunt; que tamen sunt in dispositione firmarii。' Cf Glastonbury Inqu。 of 1189; pp。 28; 107。

7。 As an instance; Bury St。 Edmund's Register; Harl。 MSS。 743; f 194: '(Bucham) abbas Sti Edmundi capitalis dominus。。。 tenet in eadem villa preter homagium liberorum nihil。'

8。 Domesday of St。 Paul's; 58。

9。 Eynsham Inqu。; Chapter of Christ Church; Oxford; N。 27; f 5; a: 'Robertus Clement。。。 tenet de dominicis superius mensuratis dum domino placet unam selionem apud Weylond atte Wyche; unam selionem apud Blechemanfurlong; tres seliones in Wellefurlong; et unam selionem apud Groueacres pro 11 solidis per annum。'

10。 It is well known that the second book of Fleta contains a sketch of the functions of manorial officers。 In thirteenth…century MSS。 we find also a special tract on the matter entitled de Senescalcia。 See Cunningham; Growth of Industry and Commerce (2nd ed。); p。 222。 Let it be understood that I do not attempt an exhaustive survey of the subject; but only a general indication of its bearings。

11。 Domesday of St。 Paul's; 122; forms of agreement by which the manors were let to farm in the twelfth century: 'Haec est conventio inter capitulum Lundoniensis ecclesiae beati Pauli et Robertum filium Alwini sacerdotis。 Capitulum concedit ei Wicham manerium suum ad firmam quamdiu vixerit et inde bene servierit。 Primo quidem anno pro 58 solidis et 4d。 et pro una parva firma panis et cervisiae cum denariis elemosine。 Deinceps vero singulis annis pro duabus firmis brevibus panis et cervisiae。'

12。 Exch。 Q。 R。 Miscell。: 'Consuetudines de Aysle: memorandum quod homagium debet eligere prepositum et dominus manerii potest eum retinere。。。。 Et memorandum quod homines debent habere pastorem ovilis per electionem curie。'

13。 The duty of serving as reeve is therefore often treated as one of the characteristic marks of serfdom; e。g。 Cambr。 Univ。; Gg。 iv。 4; f。 26。

14。 Harl。 MSS。 1006; f。 18: 'Debet esse messor ad frumentum et amerciamenta domini colligendum。'

15。 Shaftesbury Inqu。; Harl。 MSS。 61; f 60: 'Arator。。。 debet invenire omnia instrumenta aratri ante rotas。'

16。 Ibid。; f 54: 'Bubulci et gadince。' Glastonbury Inqu。 of 1189: 'Petras bovarius。。。 custodit boves domini et vadit ad aratrum。'

17。 'Hereward;' Glastonbury Inqu。; 24; 105; etc。; Domesday of St。 Paul's; 53。

18。 Cartul。 of Battle (Camden Ser。); f 39; b: 'wodeward。'

19。 Bury St。 Edmund's Reg。; Cambr。 Univ。; Gg。 Iv。 4; f。 322; a: 'Ad istud pertinet tenementum falcacio claustri sed cum falce lurardi。'

20。 Glastonbury Inqu。 of 1189; p。 36: 'Reginaldus thernebedellus tenet dimidiam virgatam terre et summonet homines ad comitatum et hundredum。'

21。 Ibid。; 7; cf。 156。

22。 Ely Cart。; Cotton MSS。; Claudius; C。 xi; f 15; d。; Debet namiare cum bedello et ceteris avermannis; (men provided with horses)。 Glastonbury Inqu。 of 1189; p。 31: 'Robertus de Eadwic sequitur hundredum et comitatum ad suum costum。。。 Custodit preces arature et messis et debet adjuvare ad namia capienda infra hundredum et est quietus de pannagio。'

23。 Glastonbury Cart。; Wood MSS。; i。 f 92; 93; Compoti of Nicholas de Wedergrave; who had charge of the monastery from the 21st of November; 16 Edward II; till the 12th of March; 16 Edw。 II; as to the liberaciones et couredia servientium: 'Et quod retinuit et necessarie oportuit retinere in eadem abbathia 60 ministros et servientes pro hospitalitate et aliis obsequiis faciendis in eadem abbathia。'

24。 Bury St。 Edmund's Register; Harl。 MSS。; 743; f。 260: 'Scriptum Johannis Northwold abbatis de quinque servanciis; (A。 D。 1294); f 260; d: '。。。 de minutis officiis。'

25。 Gloucester Cart。 (Rolls Ser。); iii。 213; 214: 'Hoc intellecto quod quandocumque placuerit loci ballivo amoveantur ab uno loco usque ad alium ad commodum domini infra terminum; salvis eisdem liberationibus et stipendiis prius provisis。 Nec aliquis admittatur ad servitium domini sine saluis plegiis de fideliter serviendo et de omittenda satisfaciendo。 Et moraturi tunc plaemuniantur quod sibi provideant ad morandum。。。 Item quod nullus famulus sit in curia cui plenum non deputetur officium。 Ita quod si unum officium suo statui sit insufficiens in alio suppleatur defectus。'

26。 Merton College MSS。; 91; f 153: 'Coment hom deyt alower oueray
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