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The opinion mentioned above of the equality of the two sexes is of great importance in relation to this subject。 The highly developed and cultivated woman disposes of herself with a freedom unknown in Northern countries； and her unfaithfulness does not break up her life in the same terrible manner； so long as no outward consequences follow from it。 The husband's claim on her fidelity has not that firm foundation which it acquires in the North through the poetry and passion of courtship and betrothal。 After the briefest acquaintance with her future husband； the young wife quits the convent or the paternal roof to enter upon a world in which her character begins rapidly to develop。 The rights of the husband are for this reason conditional； and even the man who regards them in the light of a 'ius quaesitum' thinks only of the outward conditions of the contract； not of the affections。 The beautiful young wife of an old man sends back the presents and letters of a youthful lover； in the firm resolve to keep her honour （onesta）。 'But she rejoiced in the love of the youth for his great excellence； and she perceived that a noble woman may love a man of merit without loss to her honour。' But the way is short from such a distinction to a complete surrender。
The latter seems indeed as good as justified when there is unfaithfulness on the part of the husband。 The woman； conscious of her own dignity； feels this not only as a pain； but also as a humiliation and deceit； and sets to work； often with the calmest consciousness of what she is about； to devise the vengeance which the husband deserves。 Her tact must decide as to the measure of punishment which is suited to the particular case。 The deepest wound； for example； may prepare the way for a reconciliation and a peaceful life in the future； if only it remain secret。 The novelists； who themselves undergo such experiences or invent them according to the spirit of the age； are full of admiration when the vengeance is skillfully adapted to the particular case； in fact； when it is a work of art。 As a matter of course； the husband never at bottom recognizes this right of retaliation； and only submits to it from fear or prudence。 Where these motives are absent； where his wife's unfaithfulness exposes him or may expose him to the derision of outsiders； the affair becomes tragical； and not seldom ends in murder or other vengeance of a violent sort。 It is characteristic of the real motive from which these deeds arise； that not only the husbands； but the brothers and the father of the woman feel themselves not only justified in taking vengeance； but bound to take it。 Jealousy； therefore； has nothing to do with the matter； moral reprobation but little； the real reason is the wish to spoil the triumph of others。 'Nowadays；' says Bandello； 'we see a woman poison her husband to gratify her lusts； thinking that a widow may do whatever she desires。 Another； fearing the discovery of an illicit amour； has her husband murdered by her lover。 And though fathers； brothers； and husbands arise to extirpate the shame with poison； with the sword； and by every other means； women still continue to follow their passions； careless of their honour and their lives。' Another time； in milder strain； he exclaims： 'Would that we were not daily forced to hear that one man has murdered his wife because he suspected her of infidelity； that another has killed his daughter； on account of a secret marriage； that a third has caused his sister to be murdered； because she would not marry as he wished！ It is great cruelty that we claim the right to do whatever we list； and will not suffer women to do the same。 If they do anything which does not please us； there we are at once with cords and daggers and poison。 What folly it is of men to suppose their own and their house's honour depend on the appetite of a woman。 The tragedy in which such affairs commonly ended was so well known that the novelist looked on the threatened gallant as a dead man； even while he went about alive and merry。 The physician and lute…player Antonio Bologna had made a secret marriage with the widowed Duchess of Amalfi； of the house of Aragon。 Soon afterwards her brother succeeded in securing both her and her children； and murdered them in a castle。 Antonio； ignorant of their fate； and still cherishing the hope of seeing them again； was staying at Milan； closely watched by hired assassins； and one day in the society of Ippolita Sforza sang to the lute the story of his misfortunes。 A friend of the house； Delio； 'told the story up to this point to Scipione Atellano； and added that he would make it the subject of a novel； as he was sure that Antonio would be murdered。' The manner in which this took place； almost under the eyes of both Delio and Atellano； is movingly described by Bandello。
Nevertheless； the novelists habitually show a sympathy for all the ingenious； comic； and cunning features which may happen to attend adultery。 They describe with delight how the lover manages to hide himself in the house； all the means and devices by which he communicates with his mistress； the boxes with cushions and sweetmeats in which he can be hidden and carried out of danger。 The deceived husband is described sometimes as a fool to be laughed at； sometimes as a bloodthirsty avenger of his honour； there is no third situation except when the woman is painted as wicked and cruel； and the husband or lover is the innocent victim。 It may be remarked； however； that narratives of the latter kind are not strictly speaking novels； but rather warning examples taken from real life。
When in the course of the sixteenth century Italian life fell more and more under Spanish influence； the violence of the means to which jealousy had recourse perhaps increased。 But this new phase must be distinguished from the punishment of infidelity which existed before； and which was founded in the spirit of the Italian Renaissance itself。 As the influence of Spain declined； these excesses of jealousy declined also； till towards the close of the seventeenth century they had wholly disappeared； and their place was taken by that indifference which regarded the 'Cicisbeo' as an indispensable figure in every household； and took no offence at one or two contemporary lovers （'Patiti'）。
But who can undertake to compare the vast sum of wickedness which all these facts imply； with what happened in other countries？ Was the marriage…tie； for instance； really more sacred in France during the fifteenth century than in Italy？ The 'fabliaux' and farces would lead us to doubt it； and rather incline us to think that unfaithfulness was equally common； though its tragic consequences were less frequent； because the individual was less developed and his claims were less consciously felt than in Italy。 More evidence； however； in favour of the Germanic peoples lies in the fact of the social freedom enjoyed among them by girls and women； which impressed Italian travellers so pleasantly in England and in the Netherlands。 And yet we must not attach too much importance to this fact。 Unfaithfulness was doubtless very frequent；