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rned with the inscription； 'Liberatori Patriae S。P。Q。R。' It is true that Giovio had lost his money in the general confiscation of public funds； and had only received a benefice by way of compensation because he was 'no poet；' that is to say； no pagan。 But it was decreed that Adrian should be the last great victim。 After the disaster which befell Rome in 1527； slander visibly declined along with the unrestrained wickedness of private life。
* * *
But while it was still flourishing was developed； chiefly in Rome the greatest railer of modern times； Pietro Aretino。 A glance at his life and character will save us the trouble of noticing many less distinguished members of his class。
We know him chiefly in the last thirty years of his life； （1527…56）； which he passed in Venice； the only asylum possible for him。 From hence he kept all that was famous in Italy in a kind of state of siege； and here were delivered the presents of the foreign princes who needed or dreaded his pen。 Charles V and Francis I both pensioned him at the same time； each hoping that Aretino would do some mischief to the other。 Aretino flattered both； but naturally attached himself more closely to Charles； because he remained master in Italy。 After the Emperor's victory at Tunis in 1535； this tone of adulation passed into the most ludicrous worship； in observing which it must not be forgotten that Aretino constantly cherished the hope that Charles would help him to a cardinal's hat。 It is probable that he enjoyed special protection as Spanish agent； as his speech or silence could have no small effect on the smaller Italian courts and on public opinion in Italy。 He affected utterly to despise the Papal court because he knew it so well； the true reason was that Rome neither could nor would pay him any longer。 Venice； which sheltered him； he was wise enough to leave unassailed。 The rest of his relations with the great is mere beggary and vulgar extortion。
Aretino affords the first great instance of the abuse of publicity to such ends。 The polemical writings which a hundred years earlier Poggio and his opponents interchanged； are just as infamous in their tone and purpose； but they were not composed for the press； but for a sort of private circulation。 Aretino made all his profit out of a complete publicity； and in a certain sense may be considered the father of modern journalism。 His letters and miscellaneous articles were printed periodically； after they had already been circulated among a tolerably extensive public。
Compared with the sharp pens of the eighteenth century； Aretino had the advantage that he was not burdened with principles； neither with liberalism nor philanthropy nor any other virtue； nor even with science； his whole baggage consisted of the well…known motto； 'Veritas odium parit。' He never； conse… quently； found himself in the false position of Voltaire； who was forced to disown his 'Pucelle' and conceal all his life the authorship of other works。 Aretino put his name to all he wrote； and openly gloried in his notorious 'Ragionamenti。' His literary talent； his clear and sparkling style； his varied observation of men and things； would have made him a considerable writer under any circumstances； destitute as he was of the power of conceiving a genuine work of art； such as a true dramatic comedy； and to the coarsest as well as the most refined malice he added a grotesque wit so brilliant that in some cases it does not fall short of that of Rabelais。
In such circumstances； and with such objects and means； he set to work to attack or circumvent his prey。 The tone in which he appealed to Clement VII not to complain or to think of vengeance； but to forgive； at the moment when the wailings of the devastated city were ascending to the Castel Sant' Angelo； where the Pope himself was a prisoner； is the mockery of a devil or a monkey。 Sometimes； when he is forced to give up all hope of presents； his fury breaks out into a savage howl； as in the 'Capitolo' to the Prince of Salerno； who after paying him for some time refused to do so any longer。 On the other hand； it seems that the terrible Pierluigi Farnese； Duke of Parma； never took any notice of him at all。 As this gentleman had probably renounced altogether the pleasures of a good reputation； it was not easy to cause him any annoyance； Aretino tried to do so by comparing his personal appearance to that of a constable； a miller； and a baker。 Aretino is most comical of all in the expression of whining mendicancy； as in the 'Capitolo' to Francis I； but the letters and poems made up of menaces and flattery cannot； notwithstanding all that is ludicrous in them； be read without the deepest disgust。 A letter like that one of his written to Michelangelo in November； 1545； is alone of its kind； along with all the admiration he expresses for the 'Last Judgement' he charges him with irreligion； indecency； and theft from the heirs of Julius II； and adds in a conciliating postscript； 'I only want to show you that if you are 〃divino；〃 I am not 〃d'acqua。〃 ' Aretino laid great stress upon it whether from the insanity of conceit or by way of caricaturing famous menthat he himself should be called divine； as one of his flatterers had already begun to do； and he certainly attained so much personal celebrity that his house at Arezzo passed for one of the sights of the place。 There were indeed whole months during which he never ventured to cross his threshold at Venice； lest he should fall in with some incensed Florentine like the younger Strozzi。 Nor did he escape the cudgels and the daggers of his enemies； although they failed to have the effect which Berni prophesied him in a famous sonnet。 Aretino died in his house； of apoplexy。
The differences he made in his modes of flattery are remarkable： in dealing with non…Italians he was grossly fulsome； people like Duke Cosimo of Florence he treated very differently。 He praised the beauty of the then youthful prince； who in fact did share this quality with Augustus in no ordinary degree； he praised his moral conduct； with an oblique reference to the financial pursuits of Cosimo's mother； Maria Salviati； and concluded with a mendicant whine about the bad times and so forth。 When Cosimo pensioned him； which he did liberally； considering his habitual parsimonyto the extent； at least； of 160 ducats a yearhe had doubtless an eye to Aretino's dangerous character as Spanish agent。 Aretino could ridicule and revile Cosimo； and in the same breath threaten the Florentine agent that he would obtain from the Duke his immediate recall； and if the Medicean prince felt himself at last to be seen through by Charles V he would naturally not be anxious that Aretino's jokes and rhymes against him should circulate at the Imperial court。 A curiously qualified piece of flattery was that addressed to the notorious Marquis of Marignano； who as Castellan of Musso had attempted to found an independent State。 Thanking him for the gift of a hundred crowns； Aretino writes： 'All the qualities which a prince should have are present in you； and all men would think so； were it not that the acts of viole