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tance； Alfonso I？ His travels in France； England； and the Netherlands we re undertaken for the purpose of study： by means of them he gained an accurate knowledge of the industry and commerce of these countries。 It is ridiculous to reproach him with the turner's work which he practiced in his leisure hours； connected as it was with his skill in the casting of cannon； and with the unprejudiced freedom with which he surrounded himself by masters of every art。 The Italian princes were not； like their contemporaries in the North； dependent on the society of an aristocracy which held itself to be the only class worth consideration； and which infected the monarch with the same conceit。 In Italy the prince was permitted and compelled to know and to use men of every grade in society； and the nobility； though by birth a caste； were forced in social intercourse to stand up on their personal qualifications alone。 But this is a point which we shall discuss more fully in the sequel。 The feeling of the Ferrarese towards the ruling house was a strange compound of silent dread； of the truly Italian sense of well…calculated interest； and of the loyalty of the modern subject： personal admiration was transferred into a new sentiment of duty。 The city of Ferrara raised in 1451 a bronze equestrian statue to their Prince Niccolo； who had died ten years earlier； Borso （1454） did not scruple to place his own statue； also of bronze； but in a sitting posture； hard by in the market； in addition to which the city； at the beginning of his reign； decreed to him a 'marble triumphal pillar 。' A citizen who； when abroad in Venice； had spoken ill of Borso in public； was informed against on his return home； and condemned to banishment and the confiscation of his goods； a loyal subject was with difficulty restrained from cutting him down before the tribunal itself； and with a rope round his neck the offender went to the duke and begged for a full pardon。 The government was well provided with spies； and the duke inspected personally the daily list of travellers which the innkeepers were strictly ordered to present。 Under Borso； who was anxious to leave no distinguished stranger unhonored； this regulation served a hospitable purpose； Ercole I used it simply as a measure of precaution。 In Bologna； too； it was then the rule； under Giovanni II Bentivoglio； that every passing traveller who entered at one gate must obtain a ticket in order to go out at another。 An unfailing means of popularity was the sudden dismissal of oppressive officials。 When Borso arrested in person his chief and confidential counsellors； when Ercole I removed and disgraced a tax…gatherer who for years had been sucking the blood of the people； bonfires were lighted and the bells were pealed in their honour。 With one of his servants； however； Ercole let things go too far。 The director of the police； or by whatever name we should choose to call him （Capitano di Giustizia）； was Gregorio Zampante of Lucca； a native being unsuited for an office of this kind。 Even the sons and brothers of the duke trembled before this man； the fines he inflicted amounted to hundreds and thousands of ducats； and torture was applied even before the hearing of a case： bribes were accepted from wealthy criminals； and their pardon obtained from the duke by false representations。 Gladly would the people have paid any sum to their ruler for sending away the 'enemy of God and man。' But Ercole had knighted him and made him godfather to his children； and year by year Zampante laid by 2；000 ducats。 He dared only eat pigeons bred in his own house； and could not cross the street without a band of archers and bravos。 It was time to get rid of him； in 1496 two students； and a converted Jew whom he had mortally offended； killed him in his house while taking his siesta； and then rode through the town on horses held in waiting； raising the cry； 'Come out！ come out！ we have slain Zampante！' The pursuers came too late； and found them already safe across the frontier。 Of course it now rained satires some of them in the form of sonnets； others of odes。
It was wholly in the spirit of this system that the sovereign imposed his own respect for useful servants on the court and on the people。 When in 1469 Borso's privy councillor Lodovico Casella died； no court of law or place of business in the city； and no lecture…room at the University； was allowed to be open： all had to follow the body to San Domenico； since the duke intended to be present。 And； in fact； 'the first of the house of Este who attended the corpse of a subject' walked； clad in black； after the coffin； weeping； while behind him came the relatives of Casella； each conducted by one of the gentlemen of the court： the body of the plain citizen was carried by nobles from the church into the cloister； where it was buried。 Indeed this official sympathy with princely emotion first came up in the Italian States。 At the root of the practice may be a beautiful； humane sentiment； the utterance of it； especially in the poets； is； as a rule； of equivocal sincerity。 One of the youthful poems of Ariosto； on the Death of Leonora of Aragon； wife of Ercole I； contains besides the inevitable graveyard flowers； which are scattered in the elegies of all ages； some thoroughly modern features： This death had given Ferrara a blow which it would not get over for years： its benefactress was now its advocate in heaven； since earth was not worthy of her； truly the angel of Death did not come to her； as to us common mortals； with blood…stained scythe； but fair to behold （onesta）； and with so kind a face that every fear was allayed。' But we meet； also； with sympathy of a different kind。 Novelists； depending wholly on the favour of their patrons； tell us the love stories of the prince； even before his death； in a way which； to later times； would seem the height of indiscretion； but which then passed simply as an innocent compliment。 Lyrical poets even went so far as to sing the illicit flames of their lawfully married lords； e。g。 Angelo Poliziano； those of Lorenzo the Magnificent； and Gioviano Pontano； with a singular gusto； those of Alfonso of Calabria。 The poem in question betrays unconsciously the odious disposition of the Aragonese ruler； in these things too； he must needs be the most fortunate； else woe be to those who are more successful！ That the greatest artists； for example Leonardo； should paint the mistresses of their patrons was no more than a matter of course。
But the house of Este was not satisfied with the praises of others； it undertook to celebrate itself。 In the Palazzo Schifanoia Borso caused himself to be painted in a series of historical representations； and Ercole （from 1472 on） kept the anniversary of his accession to the throne by a procession which was compared to the feast of Corpus Christi； shops were closed as on Sunday； in the centre of the line walked all the members of the princely house （bastards included） clad in embroidered robes。 That the crown was the fountain of honour and authority； that all personal distinction flowed from it alone； had been long expressed at this court