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the ethics(part ii)-第8章

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actually existing:  or; inasmuch as (Post。 iv。) the human body



stands in  need of very many bodies whereby it is; as it were;



continually regenerated; and the order  and connection of ideas



is the same as the order and connection of causes (II。 vii。);



this  idea will therefore be in God; in so far as he is regarded



as affected by the ideas of very  many particular things。  Thus



God has the idea of the human body; or knows the human  body; in



so far as he is affected by very many other ideas; and not in so



far as he  constitutes the nature of the human mind; that is (by



II。 xi。 Cor。); the human mind does not  know the human body。  But



the ideas of the modifications of body are in God; in so far as 



he constitutes the nature of the human mind; or the human mind



perceives those  modifications (II。 xii。); and consequently (II。



xvi。) the human body itself; and as actually  existing; therefore



the mind perceives thus far only the human body。  Q。E。D。







XX。 The idea or knowledge of the human mind is also in God;



following in God in the  same manner; and being referred to God



in the same manner; as the idea or knowledge of  the human body。







》》》》》ProofThought is an attribute of God (II。 i。); therefore



(II。 iii。) there must  necessarily be in God the idea both of



thought itself and of all its modifications;  consequently also



of the human mind (II。 xi。)。  Further; this idea or knowledge of



the mind  does not follow from God; in so far as he is infinite;



but in so far as he is affected by  another idea of an individual



thing (II。 ix。)。  But (II。 vii。) the order and connection of



ideas  is the same as the order and connection of causes;



therefore this idea or knowledge of the  mind is in God and is



referred to God; in the same manner as the idea or knowledge of



the  body。  Q。E。D。







XXI。 This idea of the mind is united to the mind in the same way



as the mind is united to  the body。







》》》》》ProofThat the mind is united to the body we have shown



from the fact; that the  body is the object of the mind (II。 xii。



and xiii。); and so for the same reason the idea of the  mind must



be united with its object; that is; with the mind in the same



manner as the mind  is united to the body。  Q。E。D。







*****NoteThis proposition is comprehended much more clearly



from what we have said  in the note to II。 vii。  We there showed



that the idea of body and body; that is; mind and  body (II。



xiii。); are one and the same individual conceived now under the



attribute of  thought; now under the attribute of extension;



wherefore the idea of the mind and the mind  itself are one and



the same thing; which is conceived under one and the same



attribute;  namely; thought。  The idea of the mind; I repeat; and



the mind itself are in God by the  same necessity and follow from



him from the same power of thinking。  Strictly speaking;  the



idea of the mind; that is; the idea of an idea; is nothing but



the distinctive quality  (forma) of the idea in so far as it is



conceived as a mode of thought without reference to  the object;



if a man knows anything; he; by that very fact; knows that he



knows it; and at  the same time knows that he knows that he knows



it; and so on to infinity。  But I will treat  of this hereafter。







XXII。 The human mind perceives not only the modifications of the



body; but also the ideas  of such modifications。







》》》》》ProofThe ideas of the ideas of modifications follow in God



in the same manner;  and are referred to God in the same manner;



as the ideas of the said modifications。  This is  proved in the



same way as II。 xx。  But the ideas of the modifications of the



body are in the  human mind (II。 xii。); that is; in God; in so



far as he constitutes the essence of the human  mind; therefore



the ideas of these ideas will be in God; in so far as he has the



knowledge  or idea of the human mind; that is (II。 xxi。); they



will be in the human mind itself; which  therefore perceives not



only the modifications of the body; but also the ideas of such 



modifications。  Q。E。D。







XXIII。 The mind does not know itself; except in so far as it



perceives the ideas of the  modifications of the body。







》》》》》ProofThe idea or knowledge of the mind (II。 xx。) follows



in God in the same  manner; and is referred to God in the same



manner; as the idea or knowledge of the  body。  But since (II。



xix。) the human mind does not know the human body itself; that is



 (II。 xi。 Cor。); since the knowledge of the human body is not



referred to God; in so far as  he constitutes the nature of the



human mind; therefore; neither is the knowledge of the  mind



referred to God; in so far as he constitutes the essence of the



human mind; therefore  (by the same Cor。 II。 xi。); the human mind



thus far has no knowledge of itself。  Further the  ideas of the



modifications; whereby the body is affected; involve the nature



of the human  body itself (II。 xvi。); that is (II。 xiii。); they



agree with the nature of the mind; wherefore the  knowledge of



these ideas necessarily involves knowledge of the mind; but (by



the last  Prop。) the knowledge of these ideas is in the human



mind itself; wherefore the human mind  thus far only has



knowledge of itself。  Q。E。D。







XXIV。 The human mind does not involve an adequate knowledge of



the parts composing  the human body。







》》》》》ProofThe parts composing the human body do not belong to



the essence of that  body; except in so far as they communicate



their motions to one another in a certain fixed  relation (Def。



after Lemma iii。); not in so far as they can be regarded as



individuals without  relation to the human body。  The parts of



the human body are highly complex individuals  (Post。 i。); whose



parts (Lemma iv。) can be separated from the human body without in



any  way destroying the nature and distinctive quality of the



latter; and they can communicate  their motions (Ax。 i。; after



Lemma iii。) to other bodies in another relation; therefore (II。



iii。)  the idea or knowledge of each part will be in God;



inasmuch (II。 ix。) as he is regarded as  affected by another idea



of a particular thing; which particular thing is prior in the



order of  nature to the aforesaid part (II。 vii。)。  We may affirm



the same thing of each part of each  individual composing the



human body; therefore; the knowledge of each part composing  the



human body is in God; in so far as he is affected by very many



ideas of things; and not  in so far as he has the idea of the



human body only; in other words; the idea which  constitutes the
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