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th in the prosecution of such a design； seem to have done the business of the East India Company； and damped the spirit of discovery； for perhaps another century； in Holland。
It is very observable that all the mighty discoveries that have been made arose from these great men； who joined reasoning with practice； and were men of genius and learning； as well as seamen。 To Columbus we owe the finding America； to Magellan the passing by the straits which bear his name； by a new route to the East Indies； to Le Maire a more commodious passage round Cape Horn； and without running up to California； Sir Francis Drake； too； hinted the advantages that might arise by examining the north…west side of America； and Candish had some notions of discovering a passage between China and Japan。 As to the history we have of Roggewein's voyage； it affords such lights as nothing but our own negligence can render useless。 But in the other voyages； whatever discoveries we meet with are purely accidental； except it be Dampier's voyage to the coasts of New Holland and New Guinea； which was expressly made for discoveries； and in which； if an abler man had been employed in conjunction with Dampier； we cannot doubt that the interior and exterior of those countries would have been much better known than they are at present； because such a person would rather have chosen to have refreshed in the island of New Britain； or some other country not visited before； than at that of Timer； already settled both by the Portuguese and the Dutch。
In all attempts； therefore； of this sort； those men are fittest to be employed who； with competent abilities as seamen； have likewise general capacities； are at least tolerably acquainted with other sciences； and have settled judgments and solid understandings。 These are the men from whom we are to expect the finishing that great work which former circumnavigators have begun； I mean the discovering every part and parcel of the globe； and the carrying to its utmost perfection the admirable and useful science of navigation。
It is； however； a piece of justice due to the memory of these great men； to acknowledge that we are equally encouraged by their examples and guided by their discoveries。 We owe to them the being freed； not only from the errors； but from the doubts and difficulties with which former ages were oppressed； to them we stand indebted for the discovery of the best part of the world； which was entirely unknown to the ancients； particularly some part of the eastern； most of the southern； and all the western hemisphere； from them we have learned that the earth is surrounded by the ocean； and that all the countries under the torrid zone are inhabited； and that； quite contrary to the notions that were formerly entertained； they are very far from being the most sultry climate in the world； those within a few degrees of the tropics； though habitable； being much more hot； for reasons which have been elsewhere explained。 By their voyages； and especially by the observations of Columbus； we have been taught the general motion of the sea； the reason of it； and the cause and difference of currents in particular places； to which we may add the doctrine of tides； which were very imperfectly known； even by the greatest men in former times； whose accounts have been found equally repugnant to reason and experience。
By their observations we have acquired a great knowledge as to the nature and variation of winds； particularly the monsoons； or trade winds； and other periodical winds； of which the ancients had not the least conception； and by these helps we not only have it in our power to proceed much farther in our discoveries； but we are likewise delivered from a multitude of groundless apprehensions； that frightened them from prosecuting discoveries。 We give no credit now to the fables that not only amused antiquity； but even obtained credit within a few generations。 The authority of Pliny will not persuade us that there are any nations without heads； whose eyes and mouths are in their breasts； or that the Arimaspi have only one eye； fixed in their forehead； and that they are perpetually at war with the Griffins； who guard hidden treasures； or that there are nations that have long hairy tales； and grin like monkeys。 No traveller can make us believe that； under the torrid zone； there are a nation every man of which has one large flat foot； with which； lying upon his back； he covers himself from the sun。 In this respect we have the same advantage over the ancients that men have over children； and we cannot reflect without amazement on men's having so much knowledge and learning in other respects； with such childish understandings in these。
By the labours of these great men in the two last centuries we are taught to know what we seek； and how it is to be sought。 We know； for example； what parts of the north are yet undiscovered； and also what parts of the south。 We can form a very certain judgment of the climate of countries undiscovered； and can foresee the advantages that will result from discoveries before they are made； all which are prodigious advantages； and ought certainly to animate us in our searches。 I might add to this the great benefits we receive from our more perfect acquaintance with the properties of the loadstone； and from the surprising accuracy of astronomical observations； to which I may add the physical discoveries made of late years in relation to the figure of the earth； all of which are the result of the lights which these great men have given us。
It is true that some of the zealous defenders of the ancients； and some of the great admirers of the Eastern nations； dispute these facts； and would have us believe that almost everything was known to the old philosophers； and not only known but practised by the Chinese long before the time of the great men to whom we ascribe them。 But the difference between their assertions and ours is； that we fully prove the facts we allege； whereas they produce no evidence at all； for instance； Albertus Magnus says that Aristotle wrote an express treatise on the direction of the loadstone； but nobody ever saw that treatise； nor was it ever heard of by any of the rest of his commentators。 We have in our hands some of the best performances of antiquity in regard to geography； and any man who has eyes； and is at all acquainted with that science； can very easily discern how far they fall short of maps that were made even a hundred years ago。 The celebrated Vossius； and the rest of the admirers of the Chinese； who； by the way； derived all their knowledge from hearsay； may testify； in as strong terms as they think fit； their contempt for the Western sages and their high opinion of those in the East； but till they prove to us that their favourite Chinese made any voyages comparable to the Europeans； before the discovery of a passage to China by the Cape of Good Hope； they will excuse us from believing them。 Besides； if the ancients had all this knowledge； how came it not to display itself in their performances？ How came they to make such difficulties of what are now esteemed trifles？ And how came they never to make any voyages； by choice at least； that were o