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Suppression of Monasteries
Their opposition to the revival of Learning
Their exceeding corruption
Their great wealth and its confiscation
Ecclesiastical courts
Sir Thomas More； his execution
Main feature of Henry VIII。's anti…clerical measures。
Fall of Cromwell
Rise of Cranmer
His characteristics
His wise moderation
His fortunate suggestions to Henry VIII。
Made Archbishop of Canterbury
Difficulties of his position
Reforms made by the government； not by the people。
Accession of Edward VI
Cranmer's Church reforms： open communion； abolition of the Mass；
new English liturgy
Marriage among the clergy； the Forty…two Articles
Accession of Mary
Persecution of the Reformers
Reactionary measures
Arrest； weakness； and recantation of Cranmer
His noble death； his character
Death of Mary
Accession of Elizabeth； and return of exiles to England
The Elizabethan Age
Conservative reforms and conciliatory measures
The Thirty…nine Articles
Nonconformists
Their doctrines and discipline
The great Puritan controversy
The Puritans represent the popular side of the Reformation
Their theology
Their moral discipline
Their connection with civil liberty
Summary of the English Reformation
IGNATIUS LOYOLA。
RISE AND INFLUENCE OF THE JESUITS。
The counter…reformation effected by the Jesuits
Picture of the times； theological doctrines
The Monastic Orders no longer available
Ignatius Loyola
His early life
Founds a new order of Monks
Wonderful spread of the Society of Jesus
Their efficient organization
Causes of success in general
Virtues and abilities of the early Jesuits
Their devotion and bravery
Jesuit Missions
Veneration for Loyola； his 〃Spiritual Exercises〃
Lainez
Singular obedience exacted of the members of the Society
Absolute power of the General of the Order
Voluntary submission of Jesuits to complete despotism
The Jesuits adapt themselves to the circumstances of society
Causes of the decline of their influence
Corruption of most human institutions
The Jesuits become rich and then corrupt
Esprit de corps of the Jesuits
Their doctrine of expediency
Their political intrigues
Persecution of the Protestants
The enemies they made
Madame de Pompadour
Suppression of the Order
Their return to power
Reasons why Protestants fear and dislike them
JOHN CALVIN。
PROTESTANT THEOLOGY。
John Calvin's position
His early life and precocity
Becomes a leader of Protestants
Removes to Geneva
His habits and character
Temporary exile
Convention at Frankfort
Melancthon； Luther； Calvin； and Catholic doctrines
Return to Geneva； and marriage
Calvin compared with Luther
Calvin as a legislator
His reform
His views of the Eucharist
Excommunication； etc
His dislike of ceremonies and festivals
The simplicity of the worship of God
His ideas of church government
Absence of toleration
Church and State
Exaltation of preaching
Calvin as a theologian； his Institutes
His doctrine of Predestination
His general doctrines in harmony with Mediaeval theology
His views of sin and forgiveness； Calvinism
He exacts the same authority to logical deduction from admitted
truths as to direct declarations of Scripture
Puritans led away by Calvin's intellectuality
His whole theology radiates from the doctrine of the majesty of God
and the littleness of man
To him a personal God is everything
Defects of his system
Calvin an aristocrat
His intellectual qualities
His prodigious labors
His severe characteristics
His vast influence
His immortal fame
LORD BACON。
THE NEW PHILOSOPHY。
Lord Bacon as portrayed by Macaulay
His great defects of character
Contrast made between the man and the philosopher
Bacon's youth and accomplishments
Enters Parliament
Seeks office
At the height of fortune and fame
His misfortunes
Consideration of charges against him
His counterbalancing merits
The exaltation by Macaulay of material life
Bacon made its exponent
But the aims of Bacon were higher
The true spirit of his philosophy
Deductive philosophies
His new method
Bacon's Works
Relations of his philosophy
Material science and knowledge
Comparison of knowledge with wisdom
GALILEO。
ASTRONOMICAL DISCOVERIES。
A brilliant portent
The greatness of the sixteenth century
Artists； scholars； reformers； religious defenders
Maritime discoveries
Literary； ecclesiastical； political achievements
Youth of Galileo
His early discoveries
Genius for mathematics
Professor at Pisa
Ridicules the old philosophers； invents the thermometer
Compared with Kepler
Galileo teaches the doctrines of Copernicus。
Gives offence by his railleries and mockeries。
Theology and science
Astronomical knowledge of the Ancients
Utilization of science
Construction of the first telescope
Galileo's reward
His successive discoveries
His enemies
High scientific rank in Europe
Hostility of the Church
Galileo summoned before the Inquisition； his condemnation and
admonition
His new offences
Summoned before a council of Cardinals
His humiliation
His recantations
Consideration of his position
Greatness of mind rather than character
His confinement at Arceti
Opposition to science
His melancholy old age and blindness
Visited by John Milton； comparison of the two； when blind
Consequence of Galileo's discoveries
Later results
Vastness of the universe
Grandeur of astronomical science
BEACON LIGHTS OF HISTORY。
DANTE。
A。D。 1265…1321。
RISE OF MODERN POETRY。
The first great genius who aroused his country from the torpor of
the Middle Ages was a poet。 Poetry； then； was the first influence
which elevated the human mind amid the miseries of a gloomy period；
if we may except the schools of philosophy which flourished in the
rising universities。 But poetry probably preceded all other forms
of culture in Europe； even as it preceded philosophy and art in
Greece。 The gay Provencal singers were harbingers of Dante； even
as unknown poets prepared the way for Homer。 And as Homer was the
creator of Grecian literature； so Dante； by his immortal comedy；
gave the first great impulse to Italian thought。 Hence poets are
great benefactors； and we will not let them die in our memories or
hearts。 We crown them； when alive； with laurels and praises； and
when they die； we erect monuments to their honor。 They are dear to
us； since their writings give perpetual pleasure； and appeal to our
loftiest sentiments。 They appeal not merely to consecrated ideas
and feelings； but they strive to conform to the principles of
immortal art。 Every great poet is as much an artist as the
sculptor or the painter： and art survives learning itself。 Varro；
the most learned of the Romans； is forgotten； when Virgil is
familiar to every school…boy。 Cicero himself wou