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continent。
The English colonies had twenty white men to one in Canada。 Yet
Canada was long able to wage war on something like equal terms。
She had the supreme advantage of a single control。 There was no
trouble at Quebec about getting a reluctant legislature to vote
money for war purposes。 No semblance of an elected legislature
existed and the money for war came not from the Canadians； but
from the capacious； if now usually depleted； coffers of the
French court at Versailles。 In the English colonies the
legislatures
preferred； of all political struggles； one about money with the
Governor； the representative of the King。 At least one of the
English colonies； Pennsylvania； believing that evil is best
conquered by non…resistance； was resolutely against war for any
reason； good or bad。 Other colonies often raised the more sordid
objection that they were too poor to help in war。 The colonial
legislatures； indeed； with their eternal demand for the
privileges and rights which the British House of Commons had won
in the long centuries of its history； constitute the most
striking of all the contrasts with Canada。 In them were always
the sparks of an independent temper。 The English diarist； Evelyn；
wrote； in 1671； that New England was in 〃a peevish and touchy
humour。〃 Colonists who go out to found a new state will always
demand rights like those which they have enjoyed at home。 It was
unthinkable that men of Boston； who； themselves； or whose party
in England； had fought against a despotic king； had sent him to
the block and driven his son from the throne； would be content
with anything short of controlling the taxes which they paid；
making the laws which they obeyed； and carrying on their affairs
in their own way。 When obliged to accept a governor from England；
they were resolved as far as possible to remain his paymaster。 In
a majority of the colonies they insisted that the salary of the
Governor should be voted each year by their representatives； in
order that they might be able always to use against him the
cogent logic of financial need。 On questions of this kind Quebec
had nothing to say。 To the King in France and to him alone went
all demands for pay and honors。 If； in such things； the people of
Canada had no remote voice； they were still as well off as
Frenchmen in France。 New England was a copy of Old England and
New France a copy of Old France。 There was； as yet； no 〃peevish
and touchy humour〃 at either Quebec or Versailles in respect to
political rights。
Canada； in spite of its scanty population； was better equipped
for war than was any of the English colonies。 The French were
largely explorers and hunters； familiar with hardship and danger
and led by men with a love of adventure。 The English； on the
other hand； were chiefly traders and farmers who disliked and
dreaded the horrors of war。 There was not to be found in all the
English colonies a family of the type of the Canadian family of
Le Moyne。 Charles Le Moyne； of Montreal； a member of the Canadian
noblesse； had ten sons； every one of whom showed the spirit and
capacity of the adventurous soldier。 They all served in the time
of Frontenac。 The most famous of them； Pierre Le Moyne
d'Iberville； shines in varied roles。 He was a frontier leader who
made his name a terror in the English settlements； a sailor who
seized and ravaged the English settlements in Newfoundland； who
led a French squadron to the remote and chill waters of Hudson
Bay； and captured there the English strongholds of the fur trade；
and a leader in the more peaceful task of founding； at the mouth
of the Mississippi； the colony of Louisiana。 Canada had the
advantage over the English colonies in bold pioneers of this
type。
Canada was never doubtful of the English peril or divided in the
desire to destroy it。 Nearly always； a soldier or a naval officer
ruled in the Chateau St。 Louis； at Quebec； with eyes alert to see
and arms ready to avert military danger。 England sometimes sent
to her colonies in America governors who were disreputable and
inefficient； needy hangers…on； too well…known at home to make it
wise there to give them office； but thought good enough for the
colonies。 It would not have been easy to find a governor less
fitted to maintain the dignity and culture of high office than
Sir William Phips； Governor of Massachusetts in the time of
Frontenac。 Phips； however； though a rough brawler； was reasonably
efficient； but Lord Cornbury； who became Earl of Clarendon； owed
his appointment as Governor of New Jersey and New York in 1701；
only to his necessities and to the desire of his powerful
connections to provide for him。 Queen Anne was his cousin。 He was
a profligate； feeble in mind but arrogant in spirit； with no
burden of honesty and a great burden of debt； and he made no
change in his scandalous mode of life when he represented his
sovereign at New York。 There were other governors only slightly
better。 Canada had none as bad。 Her viceroys as a rule kept up
the dignity of their office and respected the decencies of life。
In English colonies； governors eked out their incomes by charging
heavy fees for official acts and any one who refused to pay such
fees was not likely to secure attention to his business。 In
Canada the population was too scanty and the opportunity too
limited to furnish happy hunting…grounds of this kind。 The
governors； however； badly paid as they were； must live； and； in
the case of a man like Frontenac； repair fortunes shattered at
court。 To do so they were likely to have some concealed interest
in the fur trade。 This was forbidden by the court but was almost
a universal practice。 Some of the governors carried trading to
great lengths and aroused the bitter hostility of rival trading
interests。 The fur trade was easily controlled as a government
monopoly and it was unfair that a needy governor should share its
profits。 But； after all； such a quarrel was only between rival
monopolists。 Better a trading governor than one who plundered the
people or who by drunken profligacy discredited his office。
While all Canada was devoted to the Roman Catholic Church； the
diversity of religious beliefs in the English colonies was a
marked feature of social life。 In Virginia； by law of the colony；
the Church of England was the established Church。 In
Massachusetts； founded by stern Puritans； the public services of
the Church of England were long prohibited。 In Pennsylvania there
was dominant the sect derisively called 〃Quakers；〃 who would have
no ecclesiastical organization and believed that religion was
purely a matter for the individual soul。 Boston jeered at the
superstitions of Quebec； such as the belief of the missionaries
that a drop of water； with the murmured words of baptism；
transformed a dying Indian child from an outcast savage into an
angel of light。 Quebec might； however； deride Boston with equal
justice。 Sir William Phips believed that maligna