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the origin of the distinction of ranks-第20章
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in a closer tie。 And now the last sad offices were done She came with hair dishevelled; beaten breast; And ashes on her brow; and features worn With grief; thus only pleasing to the man。 'When youth was in me and maternal power I did thy bidding; Cato; and revived A second husband: now in years grown old Ne'er to be parted I return to thee。 Renew our former pledges undefiled: Give back the name of wife:。。。。 Although the times were warlike and the fates Called to the fray; etc。' Lucan; Pharsal。 8。 'In the matter of sex there is no prudery; men and women bathing together in the rivers; and wearing skins or short cloaks of reindeer hide which leaves most of the body naked。' Caesar; de bell。 Gall。 lib。 6; ?21。 9。 Voyages for making discoveries in the Southern Hemisphere; vol。 2; chap。 12。 In the same publication; an account of a still more remarkable exhibition; made in that Island; is given as follow: 'A young man; near six feet high; performed the rites of Venus with a little girl about eleven or twelve years of age; before several of our people; and a great number of the natives; without the least sense of its being indecent or improper; but; as appeared; in perfect conformity to the custom of the place。 Among the spectators were several women of superior rank; particularly Oberea; who may properly be said to have assisted at the ceremony; for they gave instructions to the girl how to perform her part; which; young as she was; she did not seem to stand in need of。' Ibid。 10。 Pope's translation of the Odyssey; bk。 4; 1。 58。 11。 Ruth; chap。 iii; ver。 7; 8; 9。 12。 Byron's Narrative。 13。 Numbers; chap。 xxvii; ver。 1…8。 14。 'The present law still fortunately holds that when a woman having a husband departs this life childless; the husband of the deceased wife may not demand her dowery; which was given for her。' Leges Burgundior。 tit。 1 4; 3。 15。 Tacitus; de mor。 Germ。 16。 Genesis; chap。 xxiv; ver。 11; 12。 17。 1 Samuel; chap。 xviii; ver。 25。 18。 The Commonwealth of England; bk。 3; chap。 8。 19。 Husbands have the same power of life and death over their wives as over their children。 When the head of a noble family dies his relatives meet; and if there is suspicion of foul play the widow is examined under torture; just as we examine slaves。' Caesar; de bell。 Gall。 lib。 6; ?18。 20。 She was said 'convenire in manum mariti;' and was precisely in the same condition with a 'filia…familias。' 21。 The ceremonies of 'coemptio。' 22。 Herodot。 hist。 lib。 1。 See Goguet's Origin of Laws; etc。 vol。 2; book 1。 Charlevoix Journal historique d'un voyage de l'Amer。 Nouveaux voyages aux Indes Orientales; tom。 2; p。 20。 Mod。 Univ。 Hist。 vol。 6; p。 561 Vestiges of the same practice are also to be found in the writing of the Roman Lawyers。 23。 Modern Universal History; vol。 16。 Capt。 Hamilton says; that upon the coast of Malabar a woman is not allowed to have more than twelve husbands。 24。 Father Tachard; superior of the French Missionary Jesuits in the East Indies; gives the following account of the inhabitants in the neighbourhood of Calicut。 'In this county;' says he; called Malleami; 'there are castes; as in the rest of India。 Most of them observe the same custom; and; in particular; they all entertain a like contempt for the religion and manners of the Europeans。 But a circumstance; that perhaps is not found elsewhere; and which I myself could scarce believe; is that among these barbarians; and especially the noble castes; a woman is allowed; by the laws; to have several husbands。 Some of these have had ten husbands together; all of whom they look upon as so many slaves that their charms have subjected。' Lettres edifiantes et curieuses; translated by Mr Lockman; vol。 1; p。 168。 25。 Genesis; chap。 xxix; ver。 18; 19; 20。 26。 As this poet was chiefly employed in describing grand and sublime objects; he has seldom had occasion to introduce any images taken from the pastoral life。 From the following passages; however; there can be no doubt that; in his time; the people in the West…Highlands of Scotland; as well as upon the neighbouring coast of Ireland; were acquainted with pasturage。 'The deer descend from the hill。 No hunter at a distance is seen。 No whistling cow…herd is nigh' Carric…thura。 'Let Cuchullin;' said Cairbar; 'divide the herd on the hill。 His breast is the seat of justice。 Depart; thou light of beauty。 I went and divided the herd。 One bull of snow remained。 I gave that bull to Cairbar。 The wrath of Deugala rose。' Fingal; B。 II。 I am informed that; in the Erse language; the word used to denote a man who has nothing; signifies properly one who has no head of cattle; which affords a presumption that; in the countries where this language was spoken; pastorage was nearly coeval with property。 It is; at the same time difficult to imagine; that people should possess the art of managing a chariot drawn by horses; without having previously learnt something of the management of herds and flocks: Not to mention; that; in those parts of Britain which were known to the Romans; the pasturing of cattle was understood for ages before the time when Ossian is supposed to have lived。 27。 The battle of Lora。 28。 Pope's Odyssey; book i; l。 453。 29。 Among the Franks; so early as the compilation of the Salique law; it appears that a high degree of reserve was practised between the sexes。 M。 L'Abb?Velly quotes; from that ancient code; the following article; 'Any man who has shaken hands with a free woman shall be made to pay a penalty; of fifteen gold sous。' And he adds; 'If our century is admittedly more polished than that of our ancient legislators; it is at least neither so respectful nor so reserved。' Histoire de France。 tom。 1; p。 134。 30。 M。 de la Curne de Sainte Palaye has collected some extraordinary instances of that zeal with which those who enjoyed the honour of knighthood endeavoured to expose any lady who had lost her reputation。 'Et vous diray encore plus;' says an old author; 'comme j'ay ouy racompter ?plusieurs Chevaliers qui virent celluy Messire Geoffroy; qui disoit que quand il chevauchoit par les champs; et il vcoit le chasteau ou manoir de quelque Dame; il demandoit tousjours ?qui il estoit; et quand on lui disoit; il est a celle; se le Dame estoit blasmee de son honneur; il se fust plustost detourn?d'une demi lieue qu'il ne fust venu jusques devant la porte; et l?prenoit ung petit de croye qu'il portoit; et notoit cetter porte; et y faisoit ung signet; et s'en venoit。' 31。 Proverbs; chap xxxi; ver。 i 3; etc。 32。 Thucydides; lib。 2。 33。 Lysias; Orat。 cont。 Diogit。 34。 See the oration of Lysias; in defence of Euphiletus; translated by Dr Gillies。 35。 What is here said with respect to polygamy is only applicable to that institution as it takes place among opulent and luxurious nations; for in barbarous countries; where it is introduced in a great measure from motives of conveniency; and where it is accompanied with little or no jealousy; it cannot have the same consequences。 36。 By the Roman law; about this period; divorces were granted upon any pretence whatever; and might be procured at the desire of either party
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