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the origin of the distinction of ranks-第11章
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f reindeer; many of the rich possess ten or twenty thousand of those animals; and one of the chiefs of that country; according to an account lately published; was proprietor of no less than an hundred thousand。 The introduction of wealth; and the distinction of rank with which it is attended; must interrupt the communication of the sexes; and; in many cases; render it difficult for them to gratify their wishes。 As particular persons become opulent; they are led to entertain suitable notions of their own dignity; and; while they aim at superior elegance and refinement in their pleasures; they disdain to contract an alliance with their own dependents; or with people of inferior condition。 If great families; upon an equal footing; happen to reside in the same neighbourhood; they are frequently engaged in mutual depredations; and are obliged to have a watchful eye upon the conduct of each other; in order to defend their persons and their property。 The animosities and quarrels which arise from their ambition or desire of plunder; and which are fomented by reciprocal injuries; dispose them; in all cases; to behave to one another with distance and reserve; and sometimes prove an insuperable bar to their correspondence。 Among persons living upon such term; the passions of sex cannot be gratified with the same facility as among hunters and fishers。 The forms of behaviour; naturally introduced among individuals jealous of each other; have a tendency to check all familiarity between them; and to render their approaches towards an intimacy proportionably slow and gradual。 The rivalship subsisting between different families; and the mutual prejudices which they have long indulged; must often induce them to oppose the union of their respective relations: And thus the inclinations of individuals having in vain been smothered by opposition; will break forth with greater vigour; and rise at length to a higher pitch; in proportion to the difficulties which they have surmounted。 Upon the eastern coast of Tartary; it is said that such tribes as are accustomed to the pasturing of cattle discover some sort of jealousy with regard to the chastity of their women; a circumstance regarded as of no importance by those inhabitants of the same country who procure their subsistence merely by fishing。 From what is related of the patriarch Jacob; it would seem; that whole families or tribes of shepherds which were anciently scattered over the country of Arabia; had attained some degree of improvement in their manners。 And Jacob loved Rachel; and said; I will serve thee seven years for Rachel thy younger daughter。 And Laban said; It is better that I give her to thee than that I should give her to another man: abide with me。 And Jacob served seven years for Rachel: and they seemed unto him but a few days; for the love he had to her。(25*) In the compositions of Ossian; which describe the manners of a people acquainted with pasturage; there is often a degree of tenderness and delicacy of sentiment which can hardly be equalled in the most refined productions of a civilized age。 Some allowance no doubt must be made for the heightening of a poet possessed of uncommon genius and sensibility; but; at the same time; it is probable; that the real history of his countrymen was the groundwork of those events which he has related; and of those tragical effects which he frequently ascribes to the passion between the sexes。(26*) Lorma sat in Aldo's hall; at the light of a flaming oak: the night came; but he did not return; and the soul of Lorma is sad。 What detains thee; Hunter of Cona? for thou didst promise to return。 Has the deer been distant far; and do the dark winds sigh round thee on the heath? I am in the land of strangers; where is my friend; but Aldo? Come from thy echoing hills; O my best beloved! Her eyes are turned towards the gate; and she listens to the rustling blast。 She thinks it is Aldo's tread; and joy rises in her face: but sorrow returns again; like a thin cloud on the moon。 And thou wilt not return; my love? Let me behold the face of the hill。 The moon is in the east。 Calm and bright is the breast of the lake! When shall I behold his dogs returning from the chase? When shall I hear his voice loud and distant on the wind? Come from thy echoing hills; Hunter of Woody Cona! His thin ghost appeared on a rock; like the watery beams of the moon; when it rushes from between two clouds; and the midnight shower is on the field。 She followed the empty form over the heath; for she knew that her hero fell。 I heard her approaching cries on the wind; like the mournful voice of the breeze; when it sighs on the grass of the cave。 She came; she found her hero: her voice was heard no more: silent she rolled her sad eyes; she was pale as a watery cloud; that rises from the lake to the beam of the moon。 Few were her days on Cona: she sunk into the tomb: Fingal commanded his bards; and they sung over the death of Lorma。 The daughters of Morven mourned her for one day in the year; when the dark winds of autumn returned。(27*) In the agreeable pictures of the golden age; handed down from remote antiquity; we may discover the opinion。 that was generally entertained of the situation and manners of shepherds。 Hence that particular species of poetry; which is now appropriated by fashion; to describe the pleasures of rural retirement; accompanied with innocence and simplicity; and with the indulgence of all the tender passions。 There is good reason to believe; that these representations of the pastoral life were not inconsistent with the real condition of shepherds; and that the poets; who were the first historians; have only embellished the traditions of early times。 In Arcadia; in Sicily; and in some parts of Italy; where the climate was favourable to the rearing of cattle; or where the inhabitants were but little exposed to the depredations of their neighbours; it is probable that the refinement natural to the pastoral state was carried to a great height。 This refinement was the more likely to become the subject of exaggeration and poetical embellishment; as; from a view of the progressive improvements in society; it was contrasted; on the one hand; with the barbarous manners of mere savages; and; on the other; with the opposite style of behaviour in polished nations; who; being constantly engaged in the pursuit of gain; and immersed in the cares of business; have contracted habits of industry; avarice; and selfishness。 Nondum caesa suis; peregrinum ut viseret orbem; Montibus; in liquidas pinus descenderat undas: Nullaque mortales; praeter sua; littora norant。 Nondum praecipites cingebant oppida fossae: Non tuba directi; non aeris cornua flexi; Non galeae; non ensis erant。 Sine militis usu Mollia securae peragebant otia mentes。 Ipsa quoque immunis; rastroque intacta; nec ullis Saucia vomeribus; per se dabat omnia tellus; Contentique cibis; nullo cogente; creatis; Arbuteos foetus; montanaque fraga legebant; Cornaque; et in duris hae
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