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and food from Pinang； Pinang Chinese having previously supplied the
capital needed for working the mines。 The settlement was kept in
perpetual hot water； its trade languished； and in return for military
equipments the Chinese of Larut sent over two thousand wounded and
starving men。 The Mentri； the Malay 〃Governor〃 of Larut； although aided
by Captain Speedy and a force of well…drilled troops recruited by him
in India； and possessing four Krupp guns； was powerless to restore
order； and Larut was destroyed； being absolutely turned into a
wilderness； in which all but three houses had been burned； and； while
the Malays had fled； the surviving Si Kwans were living behind
stockades； while those of the faction opposed to that with which the
Mentri and his Commander…in…Chief； Captain Speedy； had allied
themselves； were living on the products of orchards from which their
owners had been driven； and on booty； won by a wholesale system of
piracy and murder； practiced not only on the Perak waters but on the
high seas。
The war waged between the two parties threatened to become a war of
extermination； horrible atrocities were perpetrated on both sides； and
it is said and believed that as many as three thousand belligerents
were slain on one day early in the disturbances。 If the course of
prohibiting the export of munitions of war had been persevered the
strife would have died a natural death； but the Mentri made
representations which induced the authorities of the Straits to accord
a certain degree of support to himself and the Si Kwans； by limiting
the prohibition to his enemies the Go Kwans。 Things at last became so
intolerable in Larut； and as a consequence in Pinang； that the Governor
of the Straits Settlements； Sir A。 Clarke； thought it was time to
interfere。 During these disturbances in Larut； Lower Perak and the
Malays generally were living peaceably under Ismail； their elected
Sultan。 Abdullah； who was regarded as his rival； was a fugitive； with
neither followers； money； nor credit。 He had； however； friends in
Singapore； to one of whom； Kim Cheng； a well…known Chinaman； he had
promised a lucrative appointment if he would prevail on the Straits
authorities to recognize him as Sultan。 Lord Kimberley had previously
instructed the Governor to consider the expediency of introducing the
〃Residential system〃 into 〃any of the Malay States；〃 and the occasion
soon presented itself。
An English merchant in Singapore and Kim Cheng drafted a letter to the
Governor； which Abdullah signed； in which this chief expressed his
desire to place Perak under British protection；* and 〃to have a man of
sufficient abilities to show him a good system of government。〃 Sir A。
Clarke； thus appealed to； went to Pulo Pangkor； off the Perak coast；
summoned the Chinese head men and the Malay chiefs to meet him there；
and so effectively reconciled the former； who were bound over to keep
the peace； that they were not again heard of。 The Governor stated to
the Malay chief and Abdullah that it was the duty of England to take
care that the proper person in the line of succession was chosen for
the throne。 He inquired if there were any objection to Abdullah； and on
none being made； the chiefs signed a paper dictated by Sir A。 Clarke；
since known as the 〃Pangkor Treaty。〃 Its articles deposed Ismail；
created Abdullah Sultan； ceded two tracts of territory to England； and
provided that the new ruler should receive an English Resident and
Assistant Resident； whose salaries and expenses should be the first
charge on the revenue of the country； whose counsel must be asked and
〃acted upon〃 on all questions other than those of religion and custom；
and under whose advice the collection and control of all revenues and
the general administration should be regulated。 After the signing of
this treaty piracy ceased in the Perak waters； and Larut was repeopled
and became settled and prosperous。
＇*Abdullah informs 〃our friend〃 Sir W。 Jervois； that his position and
that of Perak are 〃in a most deplorable state；〃 that there are two
Sultans between whom no arrangement can be made； that the revenues are
badly raised； and the laws are not executed with justice。 〃For these
reasons；〃 he says； 〃we see that Perak is in very great distress； and； in
our opinion； the affairs of Perak cannot be settled except with strong；
active assurance from our friend the representative of Queen Victoria；
the greatest and most noble。。。。We earnestly beg our friend to give
complete assistance to Perak； and govern it； in order that this country
may obtain safety and happiness； and that proper revenues may be raised；
and the laws administered with justice； and all the inhabitants of the
country may live in comfort。〃＇
So far； as regards the Sultanate； I have followed the account given by
Sir Benson Maxwell。 Mr。 Swettenham； however； writes that Abdullah
failed to obtain complete recognition of himself as Sultan； and instead
of fulfilling the duties of his position； devoted himself to opium…
smoking； cock…fighting； and other vices； estranging； by his overbearing
manner and pride of position； those who only needed forbearance to make
them his supporters。 It may be remarked that Abdullah was not as
yielding as had been expected to his English advisers。
The Pangkor Treaty was signed in January； 1874。 On November 2d； 1875；
Mr。 Birch； the British Resident； who had arrived the evening before at
the village of Passir Salah to post up orders and proclamations
announcing that the whole kingdom of Perak was henceforth to be
governed by English officers； was murdered as he was preparing for the
bath。
On this provocation we entered upon a 〃little war；〃 Perak became known
in England； and the London press began to ask how it was that colonial
officers were suffered to make conquests and increase Imperial
responsibilities without the sanction of Parliament。 Lord Carnarvon
telegraphed to Singapore that he could not sanction the use of troops
〃for annexation or any other large political aims；〃 supplementing his
telegram by a despatch stating that the residential system had been
only sanctioned provisionally； as an experiment； and declaring that the
Government would not keep troops in a country 〃continuing to possess an
independent jurisdiction； for the purpose of enforcing measures which
the natives did not cheerfully accept。〃
As the sequel to the war and Mr。 Birch's murder； Ismail； who had
retained authority over a part of Perak； was banished to Johore；
Abdullah； the Sultan； and the Mentri of Larut； who was designated as an
〃intriguing character；〃 were exiled to the Seychelles； and the Rajah
Muda Yusuf； a prince who； by all accounts； was regarded as exceedingly
obnoxious； was elevated to the regency； Perak at the same time passing
virtually under our rule。
A great mist of passion and prejudice envelops our dealings with the
chiefs and people of this State； both before and after the war。 Sir
Benson Maxwell in 〃Our Malay Conquests；〃 presents a formidable
arraignment against the Colonial authorities； and Major M'Nair； in his
book on Perak； justifies all their proceedings。 If I may venture to
give an opinion upon so controver