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CHAPTER XII。
HENRY MAUDSLAY。
The Maudslays
Henry Maudslay
Employed as powder…boy in Woolwich Arsenal
Advanced to the blacksmiths' shop
His early dexterity in smith…work
His 〃trivet〃 making
Employed by Bramah
Proves himself a first…class workman
Advanced to be foreman of the works
His inventions of tools required for lock…making
His invention of the leathern collar in the hydraulic press
Leaves Bramah's service and begins business for himself
His first smithy in Wells Street
His first job
Invention of the slide…lathe
Resume of the history of the turning…lathe
Imperfection of tools about the middle of last century
The hand…lathe
Great advantages of the slide rest
First extensively used in constructing Brunel's Block Machinery
Memoir of Brunel
Manufacture of ships' blocks
Sir S。 Bentham's specifications
Introduction of Brunel to Maudslay
The block…machinery made； and its success
Increased operations of the firm
Improvements in the steam…engine
Invention of the punching…machine
Further improvements in the slide…lathe
Screw…cutting machine
Maudslay a dexterous and thoughtful workman
His character described by his pupil； James Nasmyth
Anecdotes and traits
Maudslay's works a first…class school for workmen
His mode of estimating character
His death
CHAPTER XIII。
JOSEPH CLEMENT。
Skill in contrivance a matter of education
Birth and parentage of Joseph Clement
Apprenticed to the trade of a slater
His skill in amateur work
Makes a turning…lathe
Gives up slating； and becomes a mechanic
Employed at Kirby Stephen in making power…looms
Removes to Carlisle
Glasgow
Peter Nicholson teaches him drawing
Removes to Aberdeen
Works as a mechanic and attends College
London
Employed by Alexander Galloway
Employed by Bramah
Advanced to be foreman
Draughtsman at Maudslay and Field's
Begins business on his own account
His skill as a mechanical draughtsman
Invents his drawing instrument
His drawing…table
His improvements in the self…acting lathe
His double…driving centre…chuck and two…armed driver
His fluted taps and dies
Invention of his Planing Machine
Employed to make Babbage's Calculating Machine
Resume of the history of apparatus for making calculations
Babbage's engine proceeded with
Its great cost
Interruption of the work
Clement's steam…whistles
Makes an organ
Character and death
CHAPTER XIV。
FOX OF DERBYMURRAY OF LEEDSROBERTS AND WHITWORTH OF MANCHESTER。
The first Fox of Derby originally a butler
His genius for mechanics
Begins business as a machinist
Invents a Planing Machine
Matthew Murray's Planing Machine
Murray's early career
Employed as a blacksmith by Marshall of Leeds
His improvements of flax…machinery
Improvements in steam…engines
Makes the first working locomotive for Mr。 Blenkinsop
Invents the Heckling Machine
His improvements in tools
Richard Roberts of Manchester
First a quarryman； next a pattern…maker
Drawn for the militia； and flies
His travels
His first employment at Manchester
Goes to London； and works at Maudslay's
Roberts's numerous inventions
Invents a planing machine
The self…acting mule
Iron billiard…tables
Improvements in the locomotive
Invents the Jacquard punching machine
Makes turret…clocks and electro…magnets
Improvement in screw…steamships
Mr。 Whitworth's improvement of the planing machine
His method of securing true surfaces
His great mechanical skill
CHAPTER XV。
JAMES NASMYTH。
Traditional origin of the Naesmyths
Alexander Nasmyth the painter； and his family
Early years of James Nasmyth
The story of his life told by himself
Becomes a pupil of Henry Maudslay
How he lived and worked in London
Begins business at Manchester
Story of the invention of the Steam Hammer
The important uses of the Hammer in modem engineering
Invents the steam pile…driving machine
Designs a new form of steam…engine
Other inventions How he 〃Scotched〃 a strike
Uses of strikes
Retirement from business
Skill as a draughtsman
Curious speculations on antiquarian subjects
Mr。 Nasmyth's wonderful discoveries in Astronomy
described by Sir John Herschel
CHAPTER XVI。
WILLIAM FAIRBAIRN。
Summary of progress in machine…tools
William Fairbairn's early years
His education
Life in the Highlands
Begins work at Kelso Bridge
An apprentice at Percy Main Colliery； North Shields
Diligent self…culture
Voyage to London
Adventures
Prevented obtaining work by the Millwrights' Union
Travels into the country； finds work； and returns to London
His first order； to make a sausage…chopping machine
Wanderschaft
Makes nail…machinery for a Dublin employer
Proceeds to Manchester； where he settles and marries
Begins business
His first job
Partnership with Mr。 Lillie
Employed by Messrs。 Adam Murray and Co。
Employed by Messrs。 MacConnel and Kennedy
Progress of the Cotton Trade
Memoir of John Kennedy
Mr。 Fairbairn introduces great improvements in the gearing； &c。
of mill machinery
Increasing business Improvements in water…wheels
Experiments as to the law of traction of boats
Begins building iron ships
Experiments on the strength of wrought iron
Britannia and Conway Tubular Bridges
Reports on iron
On boiler explosions
Iron construction
Extended use of iron
Its importance in civilization
Opinion of Mr。 Cobden
Importance of modern machine…tools
Conclusion
INDUSTRIAL BIOGRAPHY。
CHAPTER I。
IRON AND CIVILIZATION。
〃Iron is not only the soul of every other manufacture； but the main
spring perhaps of civilized society。〃FRANCIS HORNER。
〃Were the use of iron lost among us； we should in a few ages be
unavoidably reduced to the wants and ignorance of the ancient savage
Americans； so that he who first made known the use of that
contemptible mineral may be truly styled the father of Arts and the
author of Plenty。〃JOHN LOCKE。
When Captain Cook and the early navigators first sailed into the
South Seas on their voyages of discovery； one of the things that
struck them with most surprise was the avidity which the natives
displayed for iron。 〃Nothing would go down with our visitors；〃 says
Cook； 〃but metal； and iron was their beloved article。〃 A nail would
buy a good…sized pig； and on one occasion the navigator bought some
four hundred pounds weight of fish for a few wretched knives
improvised out of an old hoop。
〃For iron tools；〃 says Captain Carteret； 〃we might have purchased
everything upon the Freewill Islands that we could have brought away。
A few pieces of old iron hoop presented to one of the natives threw
him into an ecstasy little short of distraction。〃 At Otaheite the
people were found generally well…behaved and honest； but they were
not proof against the fascinations of iron。 Captain Cook says that
one of them； after re