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primary or radical word； that word is codi； to rise or raise；
almost identical in sound and sense with the Sanscrit kuda。 Till a
house is raised there is no house； and there is no hill till the
Nara or Omnipotent says ARISE。
The Welsh is one of the most copious languages of the world； as it
contains at least eighty thousand words。 It has seven vowels； w in
Welsh being pronounced like oo； and y like u and i。 Its most
remarkable feature is the mutation of initial consonants； to
explain which properly would require more space than I can afford。
（27） The nouns are of two numbers； the singular and plural； and a
few have a dual number。 The genders are three； the Masculine； the
Feminine and the Neuter。 There are twelve plural terminations of
nouns； of which the most common is au。 Some substantives are what
the grammarians call aggregate plurals； （28） 〃which are not used
in the plural without the addition of diminutive terminations； for
example adar； birds； aderyn； a bird； gwenyn； bees； gwenynen； a
single bee。〃 There are different kinds of adjectives； some have a
plural； some have none； some have a feminine form； others have not；
the most common plural termination is ion。 It is said by some that
the verb has properly no present tense； the future being used
instead。 The verbs present many difficulties； and there are many
defective and irregular ones。 In the irregularities of its verbs
the Welsh language very much resembles the Irish。
The numerals require some particular notice： forty； sixty and
eighty are expressed by deugain； trigain； and pedwarugain；
literally； two twenties； three twenties； and four twenties； whilst
fifty； seventy； and ninety are expressed by words corresponding
with ten after two twenties； ten after three twenties； and ten
after four twenties。 Whether the Welsh had ever a less clumsy way
of expressing the above numbers is unknown … something similar is
observable in French； and the same practice prevails in the modern
Gaelic； in the ancient Gaelic； however； there are such numerals as
ceathrachad； seasgad； and naochad； which correspond with
quadraginta； sexaginta； and nonaginta。 The numerals dau； tri； and
pedwar； or two； three； and four； have feminine forms； becoming when
preceding feminine nouns； dwy； tair； and pedair。 In Gaelic no
numeral has a feminine form； certain numerals； however； have an
influence over nouns which others have not； and before cead； a
hundred； and mile； a thousand； do； two； is changed into da； for it
is not customary to say do chead； two hundred； and do mhile； two
thousand； but da chead and da mhile。 （29） With respect to pedwar；
the Welsh for four； I have to observe that it bears no similitude
to the word for the same number in Gaelic； the word for four in
Gaelic is ceathair； and the difference between ceathair and pedwar
is great indeed。 Ceathair is what may be called a Sanscritic
numeral； and it is pleasant to trace it in various shapes； through
various languages； up to the grand speech of India： Irish；
ceathair； Latin； quatuor； Greek； tessares； Russian； cheturi；
Persian； chahar； Sanscrit； chatur。 As to pedwar； it bears some
resemblance to the English four； the German vier； is almost
identical with the Wallachian patrou； and is very much like the
Homeric word ＇Greek text which cannot be reproduced＇； but beyond
Wallachia and Greece we find nothing like it； bearing the same
meaning； though it is right to mention that the Sanscrit word pada
signifies a QUARTER； as well as a foot。 It is curious that the
Irish word for five； cuig； is in like manner quite as perplexing as
the Welsh word for four。 The Irish word for five is not a
Sanscritic word； pump； the Welsh word for five； is。 Pantschan is
the Sanscrit word for five； and pump is linked to pantschan by the
AEolick pempe； the Greek pente and pemptos； the Russian piat and
the Persian Pantsch； but what is cuig connected with？ Why it is
connected with the Latin quinque； and perhaps with the Arabic
khamsa； but higher up than Arabia we find nothing like it； or if
one thinks one recognises it； it is under such a disguise that one
is rather timorous about swearing to it … and now nothing more on
the subject of numerals。
I have said that the Welsh is exceedingly copious。 Its
copiousness； however； does not proceed； like that of the English；
from borrowing from other languages。 It has certainly words in
common with other tongues； but no tongue； at any rate in Europe；
can prove that it has a better claim than the Welsh to any word
which it has in common with that language。 No language has a
better supply of simple words for the narration of events than the
Welsh； and simple words are the proper garb of narration； and no
language abounds more with terms calculated to express the
abstrusest ideas of the meta…physician。 Whoever doubts its
capability for the purpose of narration； let him peruse the Welsh
Historical Triads； in which are told the most remarkable events
which befell the early Cumry； and whosoever doubts its power for
the purpose of abstruse reasoning； let him study a work called
Rhetorick； by Master William Salisbury； written about the year
1570； and I think he will admit that there is no hyperbole； or； as
a Welshman would call it； GORWIREB； in what I have said with
respect to the capabilities of the Welsh language。
As to its sounds … I have to observe that at the will of a master
it can be sublimely sonorous； terribly sharp； diabolically guttural
and sibilant； and sweet and harmonious to a remarkable degree。
What more sublimely sonorous than certain hymns of Taliesin； more
sharp and clashing than certain lines of Gwalchmai and Dafydd
Benfras； describing battles； more diabolically grating than the
Drunkard's Choke…pear by Rhys Goch； and more sweet than the lines
of poor Gronwy Owen to the Muse？ Ah； those lines of his to the
Muse are sweeter even than the verses of Horace； of which they
profess to be an imitation。 What lines in Horace's ode can vie in
sweetness with
〃Tydi roit a diwair wen
Lais eos i lysowen！〃
〃Thou couldst endow； with thy dear smile；
With voice of lark the lizard vile！〃
Eos signifies a nightingale； and Lysowen an eel。 Perhaps in no
language but the Welsh； could an eel be mentioned in lofty poetry：
Lysowen is perfect music。
Having stated that there are Welsh and Sanscrit words which
correspond； more or less； in sound and meaning； I here place side
by side a small number of such words； in order that the reader may
compare them。
WELSH SANSCRIT
Aber； a meeting of waters； an Ap； apah； water； apaga；
outflowing； Avon； a river； a river； Persian； ab；
Aw； a flowing water； Wallachian； apa
Anal； breath Anila； air
Arian； silver Ara； brass； Gypsy； harko；
Aur； gold copper （30）
Athu； to go At'ha； Russian； iti
Bod； being； existence Bhavat； bhuta
Brenin； a king Bharanda； a lord； Russian
barin