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… Page 31…
THE CRISIS IN RUSSIA
A CONFERENCE AT
JAROSLAVL
I have already suggested that although the small Central Committee of
the Communist Party does invariably get its own way； there are essential
differences between this Dictatorship and the dictatorship of； for example；
a General。 The main difference is that whereas the General merely writes
an order about which most people hear for the first time only when it is
promulgated； the Central Committee prepares the way for its dictation by a
most elaborate series of discussions and counter discussions throughout
the country； whereby it wins the bulk of the Communist Party to its
opinion； after which it proceeds through local and general congresses to do
the same with the Trades Unions。 This done； a further series of
propaganda meetings among the people actually to be affected smooths
the way for the introduction of whatever new measure is being carried
through at the moment。 All this talk； besides lessening the amount of
physical force necessary in carrying out a decision； must also avoid； at
least in part； the deadening effect that would be caused by mere
compulsory obedience to the unexplained orders of a military dictator。
Of the reality of the Communist Dictatorship I have no sort of doubt。
But its methods are such as tend towards the awakening of a political
consciousness which； if and when normal conditions…of feeding and peace；
for example…are attained； will make dictatorship of any kind almost
impossible。
To illustrate these methods of the Dictatorship； I cannot do better than
copy into this book some pages of my diary
written in March of this year when I was present at one of the
provincial conferences which were held in preparation of the All…Russian
Communist Conference at the end of the month。
At seven in the evening Radek called for me and took me to the
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THE CRISIS IN RUSSIA
Jaroslavl station； where we met Larin； whom I had known in 1918。 An
old Menshevik； he was the originator and most urgent supporter of the
decree annulling the foreign debts。 He is a very ill man； partially
paralyzed； having to use both hands even to get food to his mouth or to
turn over the leaves of a book。 In spite of this he is one of the hardest
workers in Russia； and although his obstinacy； his hatred of compromise；
and a sort of mixed originality and perverseness keep him almost
permanently at loggerheads with the Central Committee； he retains
everybody's respect because of the real heroism with which he conquers
physical disabilities which long ago would have overwhelmed a less
unbreakable spirit。 Both Radek and Larin were going to the Communist
Conference at Jaroslavl which was to consider the new theses of the
Central Committee of the party with regard to Industrial Conscription。
Radek was going to defend the position of the Central Committee； Larin to
defend his own。 Both are old friends。 As Radek said to me； he intended
to destroy Larin's position； but not； if he could help it； prevent Larin being
nominated among the Jaroslavl delegates to All…Russian Conference which
was in preparation。 Larin； whose work keeps him continually traveling；
has his own car； specially arranged so that his uninterrupted labor shall
have as little effect as possible on his dangerously frail body。 Radek and
I traveled in one of the special cars of the Central Executive Committee； of
which he is a member。
The car seemed very clean； but； as an additional precaution； we began
by rubbing turpentine on our necks and wrists and angles for the
discouragement of lice； now generally known as 〃Semashki〃 from the
name of Semashko； the Commissar of Public Health； who wages
unceasing war for their destruction as the carriers of typhus germs。I
rubbed the turpentine so energetically into my neck that it burnt like a
collar of fire； and for a long time I was unable to get to sleep。
In the morning Radek； the two conductors who had charge of the
wagons and I sat down together to breakfast and had a very merry meal；
they providing cheese and bread and I a tin of corned beef providently sent
out from home by the Manchester Guardian。 We cooked up some coffee
on a little spirit stove； which； in a neat basket together with plates； knives；
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THE CRISIS IN RUSSIA
forks； etc。 （now almost unobtainable in Russia） had been a parting present
from the German Spartacists to Radek when he was released from prison
in Berlin and allowed to leave Germany。
The morning was bright and clear； and we had an excellent view of
Jaroslavl when we drove from the station to the town； which is a mile or
so off the line of the railway。 The sun poured down on the white snow；
on the barges still frozen into the Volga River； and on the gilt and painted
domes and cupolas of the town。 Many of the buildings had been
destroyed during the rising artificially provoked in July； 19l8； and its
subsequent suppression。 More damage was done then than was
necessary； because the town was recaptured by troops which had been
deserted by most of their officers； and therefore hammered away with
artillery without any very definite plan of attack。 The more important of
the damaged buildings； such as the waterworks and the power station；
have been repaired； the tramway was working； and； after Moscow； the
town seemed clean； but plenty of ruins remained as memorials of that
wanton and unjustifiable piece of folly which； it was supposed； would be
the signal for a general rising。
We drove to the Hotel Bristol； now the headquarters of the Jaroslavl
Executive Committee； where Rostopchin； the president； discussed with