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ences rather than laws； and do not oblige； except in charity or prudence； and that the republic may change its magistrates； and even its constitution； if it sees proper to do so。
That God； as universal Creator； is Sovereign 101 Lord and proprietor of all created things or existences； visible or invisible； is certain； for the maker has the absolute right to the thing made； it is his； and he may do with it as he will。 As he is sole creator； he alone hath dominion； and as he is absolute creator； he has absolute dominion over all the things which he has made。 The guaranty against oppression is his own essential nature； is in the plenitude of his own being； which is the plenitude of wisdom and goodness。 He cannot contradict himself； be other than he is； or act otherwise than according to his own essential nature。 As he is； in his own eternal and immutable essence； supreme reason and supreme good； his dominion must always in its exercise be supremely good and supremely reasonable； therefore supremely just and equitable。 From him certainly is all power； he is unquestionably King of kings； and Lord of lords。 By him kings reign and magistrates decree just things。 He may； at his will； set up or pull down kings； rear or overwhelm empires； foster the infant colony； and make desolate the populous city。 All this is unquestionably true； and a simple dictate of reason common to all men。 But in what sense is it true？ Is it true in a supernatural sense？ Or is it true only in the sense 102 that it is true that by him we breathe； perform any or all of our natural functions； and in him live； and move； and have our being？
Viewed in their first cause； all things are the immediate creation of God； and are supernatural； and from the point of view of the first cause the Scriptures usually speak； for the great purpose and paramount object of the sacred writers； as of religion itself； is to make prominent the fact that God is universal creator； and supreme governor； and therefore the first and final cause of all things。 But God creates second causes； or substantial existences； capable themselves of acting and producing effects in a secondary sense； and hence he is said to be causa causarum； cause of causes。 What is done by these second causes or creatures is done eminently by him； for they exist only by his creative act； and produce only by virtue of his active presence； or effective concurrence。 What he does through them or through their agency is done by him； not immediately； but mediately； and is said to be done naturally； as what he does immediately is said to be done supernaturally。 Natural is what God does through second causes； which he creates； supernatural is that which he does by himself alone； without their intervention or agency。 Sovereignty； or 105 the right to govern； is in him； and he may at his will delegate it to men either mediately or immediately； by a direct and express appointment； or mediately through nature。 In the absence of all facts proving its delegation direct and express； it must be assumed to be mediate； through second causes。 The natural is always to be presumed； and the supernatural is to be admitted only on conclusive proof。
The people of Israel had a supernatural vocation； and they received their law； embracing their religious and civil constitution and their ritual directly from God at the hand of Moses； and various individuals from time to time appear to have been specially called to be their judges； rulers； or kings。 Saul was so called； and so was David。 David and his line appear； also； to have been called not only to supplant Saul and his line； but to have been supernaturally invested with the kingdom forever； but it does not appear that the royal power with which David and his line were invested was inamissible。 They lost it in the Babylonish captivity； and never afterwards recovered it。 The Asmonean princes were of another line； and when our Lord came the sceptre was in the hands of Herod； an Idumean Or Edomite。 The promise made； to David and 104 his house is generally held by Christian commentators to have received its fulfilment in the everlasting spiritual royalty of the Messiah； sprung through Mary from David's line。
The Christian Church is supernaturally constituted and supernaturally governed； but the persons selected to exercise powers supernaturally defined； from the Sovereign Pontiff down to the humblest parish priest are selected and inducted into office through human agency。 The Gentiles very generally claimed to have received their laws from the gods； but it does not appear； save in exceptional cases； that they claimed that their princes were designated and held their powers by the direct and express appointment of the god。 Save in the case of the Jews； and that of the Church； there is no evidence that any particular government exists or ever has existed by direct or express appointment； or otherwise than by the action of the Creator through second causes； or what is called his ordinary providence。 Except David and his line； there is no evidence of the express grant by the Divine Sovereign to any individual or family； class or caste of the government of any nation or country。 Even those Christian princes who professed to reign 〃by the grace of God；〃 never claimed that they received their principalities 105 from God otherwise than through his ordinary providence； and meant by it little more than an acknowledgment of their dependence on him； their obligation to use their power according to his law and their accountability to him for the use they make of it。
The doctrine is not favorable to human liberty； for it recognizes no rights of man in face of civil society。 It consecrates tyranny； and makes God the accomplice of the tyrant； if we suppose all governments have actually existed by his express appointment。 It puts the king in the place of God； and requires us to worship in him the immediate representative of the Divine Being。 Power is irresponsible and inamissible； and however it may be abused； or however corrupt and oppressive may be its exercise； there is no human redress。 Resistance to power is resistance to God。 There is nothing for the people but passive obedience and unreserved submission。 The doctrine； in fact； denies all human government； and allows the people no voice in the management of their own affairs； and gives no place for human activity。 It stands opposed to all republicanism； and makes power an hereditary and indefeasible right； not a trust which he who holds it may forfeit； and of which he may be deprived if he abuses it。
106 CHAPTER VI。
ORIGIN OF GOVERNMENTCONCLUDED。
VI。 The theory which derives the right of government from the direct and express appointment of God is sometimes modified so as to mean that civil authority is derived from God through the spiritual authority。 The patriarch combined in his person bo