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ent Lincoln； and from the first Congress to the thirty…ninth Congress； that the Constitution of the United States conferred on the President； as part of the executive power and as one of the necessary means and instruments of performing the executive duty expressly imposed on him by the Constitution of taking care that the laws be faithfully executed； the power at any and all times of removing from office all executive officers for cause to be judged of by the President alone。 This respondent had； in pursuance of the Constitution； required the opinion of each principal officer of the executive departments； upon this question of constitutional executive power and duty； and had been advised by each of them； including the said Stanton； Secretary for the Department of War； that under the Constitution of the United States this power was lodged by the Constitution in the President of the United States； and that consequently； it could be lawfully exercised by him； and the Congress could not deprive him thereof； and this respondent； in his capacity of President of the United States； and because in that capacity he was both enabled and bound to use his best judgment upon this question； did。 in good faith and with an earnest desire to arrive at the truth； come to the conclusion and opinion； and did make the same known to the honorable the Senate of the United States by a message dated on the 2nd day of March； 1867； that the power last mentioned was conferred and the duty of exercising it； in fit cases； was imposed on the President by the Constitution of the United States； and that the President could not be deprived of this； power or relieved of this duty； nor could the same be vested by law in the President and the Senate jointly； either in part or whole。
This respondent was also then aware that by the first section of 〃An act regulating the tenure of certain civil offices；〃 passed March 2； 1867； by a constitutional majority of both houses of Congress； it was enacted as follows：
〃That every person holding any civil office to which he has been appointed by and with the advice and consent of the Senate； and every person who shall hereafter be appointed to any such office； and shall become duly qualified to act therein； is and shall be entitled to hold such office until a successor shall have been in like manner appointed and duly qualified； except as herein otherwise provided： Provided； That the Secretaries of State； of the Treasury； of War； of the Navy； and of the Interior； the Postmaster General； and the Attorney General shall hold their offices respectively for and during the term of the President by whom they may have been appointed； and one month thereafter； subject to removal by and with the advice and consent of the Senate。〃
This respondent was also aware that this act was understood and intended to be an expression of the opinion of the Congress by which that act was passed； that the power to remove executive officers for cause might； by law； be taken from the President and vested in him and the Senate jointly； and although this respondent had arrived at and still retained the opinion above expressed； and verily believed； as he still believes； that the said first section of the last mentioned act was and is wholly inoperative and void by reason of its conflict with the Constitution of the United States； yet； inasmuch as the same had been enacted by the constitutional majority in each of the two houses of that Congress； this respondent considered it to be proper to examine and decide whether the particular case of the said Stanton； on which it was this respondent's duty to act； was within or without the terms of that first section of the act； or； if within it； whether the President had not the power； according to the terms of the act； to remove the said Stanton from the office of Secretary for the Department of War； and having； in his capacity of President of the United States； so examined and considered； did form the opinion that the case of the said Stanton and his tenure of office were not affected by the first section of the last…named act。
And this respondent； further answering； says； that although a case thus existed which； in his judgment as President of the United States； called for the exercise of the executive power to remove the said Stanton from the office of Secretary for the Department of War； and although this respondent was of the opinion； as is above shown； that under the Constitution of the United States the power to remove the said Stanton from the said office was vested in the President of the United States； and also this respondent was also of the opinion； as is above shown； that the case of the said Stanton was not affected by the first section of the last named act； and although each of the said opinions had been formed by this respondent upon an actual case； requiring him； in his capacity of President of the United States。 to come to some judgment and determination thereon； yet this respondent； as President of the United States； desired and determined to avoid； if possible； any question of the construction and effect of the said first section of the last named act； and also the broader question of the executive power conferred on the President of the United States； by the Constitution of the United States； to remove one of the principal officers of one of the executive departments for cause seeming to him sufficient； and this respondent also desired and determined that if； from causes over which he could exert no control； it should become absolutely necessary to raise and have； in some way； determined either or both of the said last named questions； it was in accordance with the Constitution of the United States； and was required of the President thereby； that questions of so much gravity and importance； upon which the legislative and executive departments of the government had disagreed； which involved powers considered by all branches of the government； during its entire history down to the year 1867； to have been confided by the Constitution of the United States to the President； and to be necessary for the complete and proper execution of his constitutional duties； should be in some proper way submitted to that judicial department of the government instrusted by the Constitution with the power； and subjected by it to the duty； not only of determining finally the construction of and effect of all acts of Congress。 but of comparing them with the Constitution of the United States and pronouncing them inoperative when found in conflict with that fundamental law which the people have enacted for the government of all their servants。 And to these ends； first； that； through the action of the Senate of the United States； the absolute duty of the President to substitute some fit person in place of Mr。 Stanton as one of his advisers； and as a principal subordinate officer whose official conduct he was responsible for and had lawful right to control； might； if； possible。 be accomplished without the necessity of raising any one of the questions aforesaid； and； second； if this duty could not be so performed then that these questions； or such of them as might necessarily arise； should be judicially determined