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riter to whom scores of books are attributed； and he is the author of the most famous medical text…book ever written。 It is safe to say that the 〃Canon〃 was a medical bible for a longer period than any other work。 It 〃stands for the epitome of all precedent development； the final codification of all Graeco…Arabic medicine。 It is a hierarchy of laws liberally illustrated by facts which so ingeniously rule and are subject to one another； stay and uphold one another； that admiration is compelled for the sagacity of the great organiser who； with unparalleled power of systematisation； collecting his material from all sources； constructed so imposing an edifice of fallacy。 Avicenna； according to his lights； imparted to contemporary medical science the appearance of almost mathematical accuracy； whilst the art of therapeutics； although empiricism did not wholly lack recognition； was deduced as a logical sequence from theoretical （Galenic and Aristotelian） premises。 Is it； therefore； matter for surprise that the majority of investigators and practitioners should have fallen under the spell of this consummation of formalism and should have regarded the 'Canon' as an infallible oracle； the more so in that the logical construction was impeccable and the premises； in the light of contemporary conceptions； passed for incontrovertible axioms？〃＇13＇
＇12＇ Withington： Medical History； London； 1894； pp。 151…152。
＇13＇ Neuburger： History of Medicine； Vol。 I； pp。 368…369。
Innumerable manuscripts of it exist： of one of the most beautiful； a Hebrew version （Bologna Library）； I give an illustration。 A Latin version was printed in 1472 and there are many later editions； the last in 1663。 Avicenna was not only a successful writer； but the prototype of the successful physician who was at the same time statesman； teacher； philosopher and literary man。 Rumor has it that he became dissipated； and a contemporary saying was that all his philosophy could not make him moral； nor all his physic teach him to preserve his health。 He enjoyed a great reputation as a poet。 I reproduce a page of a manuscript of one of his poems； which we have in the Bodleian Library。 Prof。 A。V。W。 Jackson says that some of his verse is peculiarly Khayyamesque； though he antedated Omar by a century。 That 〃large Infidel〃 might well have written such a stanza as
From Earth's dark centre unto Saturn's Gate I've solved all problems of this world's Estate； From every snare of Plot and Guile set free； Each bond resolved； saving alone Death's Fate。
His hymn to the Deity might have been written by Plato and rivals the famous one of Cleanthes。＇14＇ A casual reader gets a very favorable impression of Avicenna。 The story of his dominion over the schools in the Middle Ages is one of the most striking in our history。 Perhaps we feel that Leclerc exaggerates when he says： 〃Avicenna is an intellectual phenomenon。 Never perhaps has an example been seen of so precocious； quick and wide an intellect extending and asserting itself with so strange and indefatigable an activity。〃 The touch of the man never reached me until I read some of his mystical and philosophical writings translated by Mehren。＇15＇ It is Plato over again。 The beautiful allegory in which men are likened to birds snared and caged until set free by the Angel of Death might be met with anywhere in the immortal Dialogues。 The tractate on Love is a commentary on the Symposium； and the essay on Destiny is Greek in spirit without a trace of Oriental fatalism； as you may judge from the concluding sentence； which I leave you as his special message： 〃Take heed to the limits of your capacity and you will arrive at a knowledge of the truth！ How true is the saying：Work ever and to each will come that measure of success for which Nature has designed him。〃 Avicenna died in his fifty…eighth year。 When he saw that physic was of no avail； resigning himself to the inevitable； he sold his goods； distributed the money to the poor； read the Koran through once every three days； and died in the holy month of Ramadan。 His tomb at Hamadan； the ancient Ecbatana； still exists； a simple brickwork building； rectangular in shape； and surrounded by an unpretentious court。 It was restored in 1877； but is again in need of repair。 The illustration here shown is from a photograph sent by Dr。 Neligan of Teheran。 Though dead； the great Persian has still a large practice； as his tomb is much visited by pilgrims； among whom cures are said to be not uncommon。
＇14＇ 〃L'hymne d'Avicenne〃 in： L'Elegie du Tograi； etc。； par P。 Vattier； Paris； 1660。
＇15＇ Traites mystiques d'Abou Ali al…Hosain b。 Abdallah b。 Sina ou d'Avicenne par M。 A。 F。 Mehren； Leyden； E。 J。 Brill； Fasc。 I…IV； 1889…1899。
The Western Caliphate produced physicians and philosophers almost as brilliant as those of the East。 Remarkable schools of medicine were founded at Seville； Toledo and Cordova。 The most famous of the professors were Averroes； Albucasis and Avenzoar。 Albucasis was 〃the Arabian restorer of surgery。〃 Averroes； called in the Middle Ages 〃the Soul of Aristotle〃 or 〃the Commentator；〃 is better known today among philosophers than physicians。 On the revival of Moslem orthodoxy he fell upon evil days； was persecuted as a free…thinker； and the saying is attributed to him〃Sit anima mea cum philosophic。〃
Arabian medicine had certain very definite characteristics： the basis was Greek； derived from translations of the works of Hippocrates and Galen。 No contributions were made to anatomy； as dissections were prohibited； nor to physiology； and the pathology was practically that of Galen。 Certain new and important diseases were described； a number of new and active remedies were introduced； chiefly from the vegetable kingdom。 The Arabian hospitals were well organized and were deservedly famous。 No such hospital exists today in Cairo as that which was built by al…Mansur Gilafun in 1283。 The description of it by Makrizi； quoted by Neuburger；＇16＇ reads like that of a twentieth century institution with hospital units。
＇16＇ 〃I have founded this institution for my equals and for those beneath me； it is intended for rulers and subjects； for soldiers and for the emir； for great and small； freemen and slaves； men and women。〃 〃He ordered medicaments； physicians and everything else that could be required by anyone in any form of sickness； placed male and female attendants at the disposal of the patients； determined their pay； provided beds for patients and supplied them with every kind of covering that could be required in any complaint。 Every class of patient was accorded separate accommodation： the four halls of the hospital were set apart for those with fever and similar complaints； one part of the building was reserved for eye…patients； one for the wounded； one for those suffering from diarrhoea； one for women； a room for convalescents was divided into two parts； one for men and one for women。 Water was laid on to all these departments。 One room was set apart for cooking food； preparing medicine and cooking syrups； another for the compounding of confections； balsams； eye…salves； etc。 The head…physician had an apartment to himself wherein he delivered medical lectures。