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The rhinoceros has three objects in life： to fill his stomach with food and water； to stand absolutely motionless under a bush； and to imitate ant hills when he lies down in the tall grass。 When disturbed at any of these occupations he snorts。 The snort sounds exactly as though the safety valve of a locomotive had suddenly opened and as suddenly shut again after two seconds of escaping steam。 Then he puts his head down and rushes madly in some direction； generally upwind。 As he weighs about two tons； and can； in spite of his appearance； get over the ground nearly as fast as an ordinary horse； he is a truly imposing sight； especially since the innocent bystander generally happens to be upwind； and hence in the general path of progress。 This is because the rhino's scent is his keenest sense； and through it he becomes aware； in the majority of times； of man's presence。 His sight is very poor indeed； he cannot see clearly even a moving object much beyond fifty yards。 He can； however； hear pretty well。
The novice； then； is subjected to what he calls a 〃vicious charge〃 on the part of the rhinoceros； merely because his scent was borne to the beast from upwind； and the rhino naturally runs away upwind。 He opens fire； and has another thrilling adventure to relate。 As a matter of fact； if he had approached from the other side； and then aroused the animal with a clod of earth； the beast would probably have 〃charged〃 away in identically the same direction。 I am convinced from a fairly varied experience that this is the basis for most of the thrilling experiences with rhinoceroses。
But whatever the beast's first mental attitude； the danger is quite real。 In the beginning he rushes； upwind in instinctive reaction against the strange scent。 If he catches sight of the man at all； it must be after he has approached to pretty close range； for only at close range are the rhino's eyes effective。 Then he is quite likely to finish what was at first a blind dash by a genuine charge。 Whether this is from malice or from the panicky feeling that he is now too close to attempt to get away； I never was able determine。 It is probably in the majority of cases the latter。 This seems indicated by the fact that the rhino； if avoided in his first rush； will generally charge right through and keep on going。 Occasionally； however； he will whirl and come back to the attack。 There can then be no doubt that he actually intends mischief。
Nor must it be forgotten that with these animals； AS WITH ALL OTHERS； not enough account is taken of individual variation。 They； as well as man； and as well as other animals； have their cowards； their fighters； their slothful and their enterprising。 And； too； there seem to be truculent and peaceful districts。 North of Mt。 Kenia； between that peak and the Northern Guaso Nyero River； we saw many rhinos； none of which showed the slightest disposition to turn ugly。 In fact； they were so peaceful that they scrabbled off as fast as they could go every time they either scented； heard； or SAW us； and in their flight they held their noses up； not down。 In the wide angle between the Tana and Thika rivers； and comprising the Yatta Plains； and in the thickets of the Tsavo； the rhinoceroses generally ran nose down in a position of attack and were much inclined to let their angry passions master them at the sight of man。 Thus we never had our safari scattered by rhinoceroses in the former district； while in the latter the boys were up trees six times in the course of one morning！ Carl Akeley； with a moving picture machine； could not tease a charge out of a rhino in a dozen tries； while Dugmore； in a different part of the country； was so chivied about that he finally left the district to avoid killing any more of the brutes in self…defence！
The fact of the matter is that the rhinoceros is neither animated by the implacable man…destroying passion ascribed to him by the amateur hunter； nor is he so purposeless and haphazard in his rushes as some would have us believe。 On being disturbed his instinct is to get away。 He generally tries to get away in the direction of the disturbance； or upwind； as the case may be。 If he catches sight of the cause of disturbance he is apt to try to trample and gore it； whatever it is。 As his sight is short； he will sometimes so inflict punishment on unoffending bushes。 In doing this he is probably not animated by a consuming destructive blind rage； but by a naturally pugnacious desire to eliminate sources of annoyance。 Missing a definite object； he thunders right through and disappears without trying again to discover what has aroused him。
This first rush is not a charge in the sense that it is an attack on a definite object。 It may not； and probably will not； amount to a charge at all； for the beast will blunder through without ever defining more clearly the object of his blind dash。 That dash is likely； however； at any moment； to turn into a definite charge should the rhinoceros happen to catch sight of his disturber。 Whether the impelling motive would then be a mistaken notion that on the part of the beast he was so close he had to fight； or just plain malice； would not matter。 At such times the intended victim is not interested in the rhino's mental processes。
Owing to his size； his powerful armament； and his incredible quickness the rhinoceros is a dangerous animal at all times； to be treated with respect and due caution。 This is proved by the number of white men； out of a sparse population； that are annually tossed and killed by the brutes； and by the promptness with which the natives take to trees…thorn trees at that！…when the cry of faru！ is raised。 As he comes rushing in your direction； head down and long weapon pointed； tail rigidly erect； ears up； the earth trembling with his tread and the air with his snorts； you suddenly feel very small and ineffective。
If you keep cool； however； it is probable that the encounter will result only in a lot of mental perturbation for the rhino and a bit of excitement for yourself。 If there is any cover you should duck down behind it and move rapidly but quietly to one side or another of the line of advance。 If there is no cover； you should crouch low and hold still。 The chances are he will pass to one side or the other of you； and go snorting away into the distance。 Keep your eye on him very closely。 If he swerves definitely in your direction； AND DROPS HIS HEAD A LITTLE LOWER； it would be just as well to open fire。 Provided the beast was still far enough away to give me 〃sea…room；〃 I used to put a small bullet in the flesh of the outer part of the shoulder。 The wound thus inflicted was not at all serious； but the shock of the bullet usually turned the beast。 This was generally in the direction of the wounded shoulder； which would indicate that the brute turned toward the apparent source of the attack； probably for the purpose of getting even。 At any rate； the shot turned the rush to one side； and the rhinoceros； as usual； went right on through。 If； however； he seemed to mean business； or was too close for comfort； the point to aim for was the neck just above the lowered horn。
In my own experience I came to establish a 〃dead line〃 about twenty yards fro