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it is actually the people that assess themselves； this being the
only mode of proceeding according to laws of right。 This may be
effected through the medium of the body of deputies who represent
the people。 It is also permissible； in circumstances in which the
state is in imminent danger； to proceed by a forced loan； as a right
vested in the sovereign； although this may be a divergence from the
existing law。
Upon this principle is also founded the right of administering the
national economy； including the finance and the police。 The police has
specially to care for the public safety； convenience； and decency。
As regards the last of these… the feeling or negative taste for public
propriety… it is important that it be not deadened by such
influences as begging； disorderly noises； offensive smells； public
prostitution （Venus vulgivaga）； or other offences against the moral
sense； as it greatly facilitates the government in the task of
regulating the life of the people by law。
For the preservation of the state there further belongs to it a
right of inspection （jus inspectionis）； which entitles the public
authority to see that no secret society； political or religious；
exists among the people that can exert a prejudicial influence upon
the public weal。 Accordingly； when it is required by the police； no
such secret society may refuse to lay open its constitution。 But the
visitation and search of private houses by the police can only be
justified in a case of necessity； and in every particular instance； it
must be authorized by a higher authority。
C。 Relief of the Poor。 Foundling Hospitals。 The Church。
The sovereign； as undertaker of the duty of the people； has the
right to tax them for purposes essentially connected with their own
preservation。 Such are； in particular； the relief of the poor；
foundling asylums； and ecclesiastical establishments； otherwise
designated charitable or pious foundations。
1。 The people have in fact united themselves by their common will
into a society； which has to be perpetually maintained； and for this
purpose they have subjected themselves to the internal power of the
state； in order to preserve the members of this society even when they
are not able to support themselves。 By the fundamental principle of
the state； the government is justified and entitled to compel those
who are able； to furnish the means necessary to preserve those who are
not themselves capable of providing for the most necessary wants of
nature。 For the existence of persons with property in the state
implies their submission under it for protection and the provision
by the state of what is necessary for their existence； and accordingly
the state founds a right upon an obligation on their part to
contribute of their means for the preservation of their fellow
citizens。 This may be carried out by taxing the property or the
commercial industry of the citizens； or by establishing funds and
drawing interest from them； not for the wants of the state as such；
which is rich； but for those of the people。 And this is not to be done
merely by voluntary contributions； but by compulsory exactions as
state…burdens； for we are here considering only the right of the state
in relation to the people。 Among the voluntary modes of raising such
contributions； lotteries ought not to be allowed； because they
increase the number of those who are poor； and involve danger to the
public property。 It may be asked whether the relief of the poor
ought to be administered out of current contributions； so that every
age should maintain its own poor； or whether this were better done
by means of permanent funds and charitable institutions； such as
widows' homes； hospitals； etc。？ And if the former method is the
better； it may also be considered whether the means necessary are to
be raised by a legal assessment rather than by begging； which is
generally nigh akin to robbing。 The former method must in reality be
regarded as the only one that is conformable to the right of the
state； which cannot withdraw its connection from any one who has to
live。 For a legal current provision does not make the profession of
poverty a means of gain for the indolent； as is to be feared is the
case with pious foundations when they grow with the number of the
poor； nor can it be charged with being an unjust or unrighteous burden
imposed by the government on the people。
2。 The state has also a right to impose upon the people the duty
of preserving children exposed from want or shame； and who would
otherwise perish； for it cannot knowingly allow this increase of its
power to be destroyed； however unwelcome in some respects it may be。
But it is a difficult question to determine how this may most justly
be carried out。 It might be considered whether it would not be right
to exact contributions for this purpose from the unmarried persons
of both sexes who are possessed of means； as being in part responsible
for the evil； and further； whether the end in view would be best
carried out by foundling hospitals； or in what other way consistent
with right。 But this is a problem of which no solution has yet been
offered that does not in some measure offend against right or
morality。
3。 The church is here regarded as an ecclesiastical establishment
merely； and as such it must be carefully distinguished from
religion； which as an internal mode of feeling lies wholly beyond
the sphere of the action of the civil power。 Viewed as an
institution for public worship founded for the people… to whose
opinion or conviction it owes its origin… the church establishment
responds to a real want in the state。 This is the need felt by the
people to regard themselves as also subjects of a Supreme Invisible
Power to which they must pay homage； and which may of be brought
into a very undesirable collision with the civil power。 The state
has therefore a right in this relation； but it is not to be regarded
as the right of constitutional legislation in the church； so as to
organize it as may seem most advantageous for itself； or to
prescribe and command its faith and ritual forms of worship （ritus）；
for all this must be left entirely to the teachers and rulers which
the church has chosen for itself。 The function of the state in this
connection； only includes the negative right of regulating the
influence of these public teachers upon the visible political
commonwealth； that it may not be prejudicial to the public peace and
tranquility。 Consequently the state has to take measures； on
occasion of any internal conflict in the church； or on occasion of any
collision of the several churches with each other； that civil
concord is not endangered； and this right falls within the province of
the police。 It is beneath the dignity of the supreme power to
interpose in determining what particular faith the church shall
profess； or to decree that a certain faith shall be unalterably
held； and that the ch