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it when you came； and to…day you say that they number more than two thousand。〃
〃You are the first person who has put that question to me；〃 the doctor answered。 〃Though it has been my aim to develop the capabilities of this little corner of the earth to the utmost； the constant pressure of a busy life has not left me time to think over the way in which （like the mendicant brother） I have made 'broth from a flint' on a large scale。 M。 Gravier himself； who is one of several who have done a great deal for us； and to whom I was able to render a service by re… establishing his health； has never given a thought to the theory； though he has been everywhere over our mountain sides with me； to see its practical results。〃
There was a moment's silence； during which Benassis followed his own thoughts； careless of the keen glance by which his guest friend tried to fathom him。
〃You ask how it came about； my dear sir？〃 the doctor resumed。 〃It came about quite naturally through the working of the social law by which the need and the means of supplying it are correlated。 Herein lies the whole story。 Races who have no wants are always poor。 When I first came to live here in this township； there were about a hundred and thirty peasant families in it； and some two hundred hearths in the valley。 The local authorities were such as might be expected in the prevailing wretchedness of the population。 The mayor himself could not write； and the deputy…mayor was a small farmer； who lived beyond the limits of the Commune。 The justice of the peace was a poor devil who had nothing but his salary； and who was forced to relinquish the registration of births； marriages； and deaths to his clerk； another hapless wretch who was scarcely able to understand his duties。 The old cure had died at the age of seventy； and his curate； a quite uneducated man； had just succeeded to his position。 These people comprised all the intelligence of the district over which they ruled。
〃Those who dwelt amidst these lovely natural surroundings groveled in squalor and lived upon potatoes； milk； butter； and cheese。 The only produce that brought in any money was the cheese； which most of them carried in small baskets to Grenoble or its outskirts。 The richer or the more energetic among them sowed buckwheat for home consumption； sometimes they raised a crop of barley or oats； but wheat was unknown。 The only trader in the place was the mayor； who owned a sawmill and bought up timber at a low price to sell again。 In the absence of roads； his tree trunks had to be transported during the summer season； each log was dragged along one at a time； and with no small difficulty； by means of a chain attached to a halter about his horse's neck； and an iron hook at the farther end of the chain； which was driven into the wood。 Any one who went to Grenoble； whether on horseback or afoot； was obliged to follow a track high up on the mountain side； for the valley was quite impassable。 The pretty road between this place and the first village that you reach as you come into the canton （the way along which you must have come） was nothing but a slough at all seasons of the year。
〃Political events and revolutions had never reached this inaccessible countryit lay completely beyond the limits of social stir and change。 Napoleon's name； and his alone； had penetrated hither； he is held in great veneration； thanks to one or two old soldiers who have returned to their native homes； and who of evenings tell marvelous tales about his adventures and his armies for the benefit of these simple folk。 Their coming back is； moreover； a puzzle that no one can explain。 Before I came here； the young men who went into the army all stayed in it for good。 This fact in itself is a sufficient revelation of the wretched condition of the country。 I need not give you a detailed description of it。
〃This； then； was the state of things when I first came to the canton； which has several contented； well…tilled； and fairly prosperous communes belonging to it upon the other side of the mountains。 I will say nothing about the hovels in the town； they were neither more nor less than stables； in which men and animals were indiscriminately huddled together。 As there was no inn in the place； I was obliged to ask the curate for a bed； he being in possession； for the time being； of this house； then offered for sale。 Putting to him question after question； I came to have some slight knowledge of the lamentable condition of the country with the pleasant climate； the fertile soil； and the natural productiveness that had impressed me so much。
〃At that time； sir； I was seeking to shape a future for myself that should be as little as possible like the troubled life that had left me weary； and one of those thoughts came into my mind that God gives us at times； to enable us to take up our burdens and bear them。 I resolved to develop all the resources of this country； just as a tutor develops the capacities of a child。 Do not think too much of my benevolence； the pressing need that I felt for turning my thoughts into fresh channels entered too much into my motives。 I had determined to give up the remainder of my life to some difficult task。 A lifetime would be required to bring about the needful changes in a canton that Nature had made so wealthy； and man so poor； and I was tempted by the practical difficulties that stood in the way。 As soon as I found that I could secure the cure's house and plenty of waste land at a small cost； I solemnly devoted myself to the calling of a country surgeon the very last position that a man aspires to take。 I determined to become the friend of the poor； and to expect no reward of any kind from them。 Oh！ I did not indulge in any illusions as to the nature of the country people； nor as to the hindrances that lie in the way of every attempt to bring about a better state of things among men or their surroundings。 I have never made idyllic pictures of my people； I have taken them at their just worthas poor peasants； neither wholly good nor wholly bad； whose constant toil never allows them to indulge in emotion； though they can feel acutely at times。 Above all things； in fact； I clearly understood that I should do nothing with them except through an appeal to their selfish interests； and by schemes for their immediate well…being。 The peasants are one and all the sons of St。 Thomas； the doubting apostlethey always like words to be supported by visible facts。
〃Perhaps you will laugh at my first start； sir；〃 the doctor went on after a pause。 〃I began my difficult enterprise by introducing the manufacture of baskets。 The poor folks used to buy the wicker mats on which they drain their cheeses； and all the baskets needed for the insignificant trade of the district。 I suggested to an intelligent young fellow that he might take a lease on a good…sized piece of land by the side of the torrent。 Every year the floods deposited a rich alluvial soil on this spot； where there should be no difficulty in growing osiers。 I reckoned out the quantity of wicker…work of various kinds required from time to time by the canton； and went over to Grenoble； where I found a young craftsman； a clever worker； but without any capital。 Whe