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At six o'clock we saw the men mustered。 I read prayers before the muster； and was surprised to find that some of the prisoners attended； while some strolled about the yard； whistling； singing； and joking。 The muster is a farce。 The prisoners are not mustered outside and then marched to their wards； but they rush into the barracks indiscriminately； and place themselves dressed or undressed in their hammocks。 A convict sub…overseer then calls out the names； and somebody replies。 If an answer is returned to each name； all is considered right。 The lights are taken away； and save for a few minutes at eight o'clock； when the good…conduct men are let in； the ruffians are left to their own devices until morning。 Knowing what I know of the customs of the convicts； my heart sickens when I in imagination put myself in the place of a newly…transported man； plunged from six at night until daybreak into that foetid den of worse than wild beasts。
May 15th。There is a place enclosed between high walls adjoining the convict barracks； called the Lumber Yard。 This is where the prisoners mess。 It is roofed on two sides； and contains tables and benches。 Six hundred men can mess here perhaps； but as seven hundred are always driven into it； it follows that the weakest men are compelled to sit on the ground。 A more disorderly sight than this yard at meal times I never beheld。 The cook…houses are adjoining it； and the men bake their meal…bread there。 Outside the cook…house door the firewood is piled； and fires are made in all directions on the ground； round which sit the prisoners； frying their rations of fresh pork； baking their hominy cakes； chatting； and even smoking。
The Lumber Yard is a sort of Alsatia； to which the hunted prisoner retires。 I don't think the boldest constable on the island would venture into that place to pick out a man from the seven hundred。 If he did go in I don't think he would come out again alive。
May 16th。A sub…overseer； a man named Hankey； has been talking to me。 He says that there are some forty of the oldest and worst prisoners who form what he calls the 〃Ring〃； and that the members of this 〃Ring〃 are bound by oath to support each other； and to avenge the punishment of any of their number。 In proof of his assertions he instanced two cases of English prisoners who had refused to join in some crime； and had informed the Commandant of the proceedings of the Ring。 They were found in the morning strangled in their hammocks。 An inquiry was held； but not a man out of the ninety in the ward would speak a word。 I dread the task that is before me。 How can I attempt to preach piety and morality to these men？ How can I attempt even to save the less villainous？
May 17th。Visited the wards to…day； and returned in despair。 The condition of things is worse than I expected。 It is not to be written。 The newly…arrived English prisonersand some of their histories are most touchingare insulted by the language and demeanour of the hardened miscreants who are the refuse of Port Arthur and Cockatoo Island。 The vilest crimes are perpetrated as jests。 These are creatures who openly defy authority； whose language and conduct is such as was never before seen or heard out of Bedlam。 There are men who are known to have murdered their companions； and who boast of it。 With these the English farm labourer； the riotous and ignorant mechanic； the victim of perjury or mistake； are indiscriminately herded。 With them are mixed Chinamen from Hong Kong； the Aborigines of New Holland； West Indian blacks； Greeks； Caffres； and Malays； soldiers for desertion； idiots； madmen； pig…stealers； and pick…pockets。 The dreadful place seems set apart for all that is hideous and vile in our common nature。 In its recklessness； its insubordination； its filth； and its despair； it realizes to my mind the popular notion of Hell。
May 21st。Entered to…day officially upon my duties as Religious Instructor at the Settlement。
An occurrence took place this morning which shows the dangerous condition of the Ring。 I accompanied Mr。 Pounce to the Lumber Yard； and； on our entry； we observed a man in the crowd round the cook…house deliberately smoking。 The Chief Constable of the Islandmy old friend Troke； of Port Arthur seeing that this exhibition attracted Pounce's notice； pointed out the man to an assistant。 The assistant； Jacob Gimblett； advanced and desired the prisoner to surrender the pipe。 The man plunged his hands into his pockets； and； with a gesture of the most profound contempt； walked away to that part of the mess…shed where the 〃Ring〃 congregate。
〃Take the scoundrel to gaol！〃 cried Troke。
No one moved； but the man at the gate that leads through the carpenter's shop into the barracks； called to us to come out； saying that the prisoners would never suffer the man to be taken。 Pounce； however； with more determination than I gave him credit for； kept his ground； and insisted that so flagrant a breach of discipline should not be suffered to pass unnoticed。 Thus urged； Mr。 Troke pushed through the crowd； and made for the spot whither the man had withdrawn himself。
The yard was buzzing like a disturbed hive； and I momentarily expected that a rush would be made upon us。 In a few moments the prisoner appeared； attended by； rather than in the custody of； the Chief Constable of the island。 He advanced to the unlucky assistant constable； who was standing close to me； and asked； 〃What have you ordered me to gaol for？〃 The man made some reply； advising him to go quietly； when the convict raised his fist and deliberately felled the man to the ground。 〃You had better retire； gentlemen；〃 said Troke。 〃I see them getting out their knives。〃
We made for the gate； and the crowd closed in like a sea upon the two constables。 I fully expected murder； but in a few moments Troke and Gimblett appeared； borne along by a mass of men； dusty； but unharmed； and having the convict between them。 He sulkily raised a hand as he passed me； either to rectify the position of his straw hat； or to offer a tardy apology。 A more wanton； unprovoked； and flagrant outrage than that of which this man was guilty I never witnessed。 It is customary for 〃the old dogs〃； as the experienced convicts are called； to use the most opprobrious language to their officers； and to this a deaf ear is usually turned； but I never before saw a man wantonly strike a constable。 I fancy that the act was done out of bravado。 Troke informed me that the man's name is Rufus Dawes； and that he is the leader of the Ring； and considered the worst man on the island； that to secure him he （Troke） was obliged to use the language of expostulation； and that； but for the presenceof an officer accredited by his Excellency； he dared not have acted as he had done。
This is the same man； then； whom I injured at Port Arthur。 Seven years of 〃discipline〃 don't seem to have done him much good。 His sentence is 〃life〃a lifetime in this place！ Troke says that he was the terror of Port Arthur； and that they sent him here when a 〃weeding〃 of the prisoners was made。 He has been here four years。 Poor wretch！
May 24th。After prayers； I saw Dawes。 He was confined in the Old Gaol； and sev