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＇5＇ It was afterwards translated by Fa…hien into Chinese。 See Nanjio's Catalogue of the Chinese Tripitaka； columns 400 and 401； and Nos。 1119 and 1150； columns 247 and 253。
＇6＇ A gatha is a stanza； generally consisting； it has seemed to me； of a few； commonly of two； lines somewhat metrically arranged； but I do not know that its length is strictly defined。
＇7＇ 〃A branch；〃 says Eitel； 〃of the great vaibhashika school； asserting the reality of all visible phenomena； and claiming the authority of Rahula。〃
＇8＇ See Nanjio's Catalogue； No。 1287。 He does not mention it in his account of Fa…hien； who； he says； translated the Samyukta…pitaka Sutra。
＇9＇ Probably Nanjio's Catalogue； No。 120； at any rate； connected with it。
＇10＇ This then would be the consummation of the Sramana's being；to get to be Buddha； the Buddha of his time in his Kalpa； and Tao…ching thought that he could attain to this consummation by a succession of births； and was likely to attain to it sooner by living only in India。 If all this was not in his mind； he yet felt that each of his successive lives would be happier； if lived in India。
CHAPTER XXXVII
TO CHAMPA AND TAMALIPTI。 STAY AND LABOURS THERE FOR THREE YEARS。 TAKES SHIP TO SINGHALA； OR CEYLON。
Following the course of the Ganges； and descending eastwards for eighteen yojanas； he found on the southern bank the great kingdom of Champa；＇1＇ with topes reared at the places where Buddha walked in meditation by his vihara； and where he and the three Buddhas； his predecessors； sat。 There were monks residing at them all。 Continuing his journey east for nearly fifty yojanas； he came to the country of Tamalipti；＇2＇ （the capital of which is） a seaport。 In the country there are twenty…two monasteries； at all of which there are monks residing。 The Law of Buddha is also flourishing in it。 Here Fa…hien stayed two years； writing out his Sutras；＇3＇ and drawing pictures of images。
After this he embarked in a large merchant…vessel； and went floating over the sea to the south…west。 It was the beginning of winter； and the wind was favourable； and； after fourteen days； sailing day and night； they came to the country of Singhala。＇4＇ The people said that it was distant （from Tamalipti） about 700 yojanas。
The kingdom is on a large island； extending from east to west fifty yojanas； and from north to south thirty。 Left and right from it there are as many as 100 small islands； distant from one another ten； twenty； or even 200 le； but all subject to the large island。 Most of them produce pearls and precious stones of various kinds； there is one which produces the pure and brilliant pearl；＇5＇an island which would form a square of about ten le。 The king employs men to watch and protect it； and requires three out of every ten such pearls； which the collectors find。
NOTES
＇1＇ Probably the modern Champanagur； three miles west of Baglipoor； lat。 25d 14s N。； lon。 56d 55s E。
＇2＇ Then the principal emporium for the trade with Ceylon and China； the modern Tam…look； lat。 22d 17s N。； lon。 88d 2s E。； near the mouth of the Hoogly。
＇3＇ Perhaps Ching ｛。｝ is used here for any portions of the Tripitaka which he had obtained。
＇4＇ 〃The Kingdom of the Lion；〃 Ceylon。 Singhala was the name of a merchant adventurer from India； to whom the founding of the kingdom was ascribed。 His father was named Singha； 〃the Lion；〃 which became the name of the country；Singhala； or Singha…Kingdom； 〃the Country of the Lion。〃
＇5＇ Called the mani pearl or bead。 Mani is explained as meaning 〃free from stain；〃 〃bright and growing purer。〃 It is a symbol of Buddha and of his Law。 The most valuable rosaries are made of manis。
CHAPTER XXXVIII
AT CEYLON。 RISE OF THE KINGDOM。 FEATS OF BUDDHA。 TOPES AND MONASTERIES。 STATUE OF BUDDHA IN JADE。 BO TREE。 FESTIVAL OF BUDDHA'S TOOTH。
The country originally had no human inhabitants；＇1＇ but was occupied only by spirits and nagas； with which merchants of various countries carried on a trade。 When the trafficking was taking place； the spirits did not show themselves。 They simply set forth their precious commodities； with labels of the price attached to them； while the merchants made their purchases according to the price； and took the things away。
Through the coming and going of the merchants （in this way）； when they went away； the people of （their） various countries heard how pleasant the land was； and flocked to it in numbers till it became a great nation。 The （climate） is temperate and attractive； without any difference of summer and winter。 The vegetation is always luxuriant。 Cultivation proceeds whenever men think fit： there are no fixed seasons for it。
When Buddha came to this country；＇2＇ wishing to transform the wicked nagas； by his supernatural power he planted one foot at the north of the royal city； and the other on the top of a mountain；＇3＇ the two being fifteen yojanas apart。 Over the footprint at the north of the city the king built a large tope； 400 cubits high； grandly adorned with gold and silver； and finished with a combination of all the precious substances。 By the side of the top he further built a monastery； called the Abhayagiri；＇4＇ where there are （now） five thousand monks。 There is in it a hall of Buddha； adorned with carved and inlaid works of gold and silver； and rich in the seven precious substances； in which there is an image （of Buddha） in green jade； more than twenty cubits in height； glittering all over with those substances； and having an appearance of solemn dignity which words cannot express。 In the palm of the right hand there is a priceless pearl。 Several years had now elapsed since Fa…hien left the land of Han； the men with whom he had been in intercourse had all been of regions strange to him； his eyes had not rested on an old and familiar hill or river； plant or tree； his fellow…travellers； moreover； had been separated from him； some by death； and others flowing off in different directions； no face or shadow was now with him but his own； and a constant sadness was in his heart。 Suddenly （one day）； when by the side of this image of jade； he saw a merchant presenting as his offering a fan of white silk；＇5＇ and the tears of sorrow involuntarily filled his eyes and fell down。
A former king of the country had sent to Central India and got a slip of the patra tree；＇6＇ which he planted by the side of the hall of Buddha； where a tree grew up to the height of about 200 cubits。 As it bent on one side towards the south…east； the king； fearing it would fall； propped it with a post eight or nine spans round。 The tree began to grow at the very heart of the prop； where it met （the trunk）； （a shoot） pierced through the post； and went down to the ground； where it entered and formed roots； that rose （to the surface） and were about four spans round。 Although the post was split in the middle； the outer portions kept hold （of the shoot）； and people did not remove them。 Beneath the tree there has been built a vihara； in which there is an image （of Buddha） seated； which the monks and commonalty reverence and look up to without ever becoming wearied。 In the city there has been reared also the vihara of Buddha's tooth； on which； as well as on the other； the seven precio