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o pecks； and is of various colours； black predominating； with the seams that show its fourfold composition distinctly marked。＇10＇ Its thickness is about the fifth of an inch； and it has a bright and glossy lustre。 When poor people throw into it a few flowers； it becomes immediately full； while some very rich people； wishing to make offering of many flowers； might not stop till they had thrown in hundreds； thousands； and myriads of bushels； and yet would not be able to fill it。＇11＇
Pao…yun and Sang…king here merely made their offerings to the alms… bowl； and （then resolved to） go back。 Hwuy…king； Hwuy…tah； and Tao… ching had gone on before the rest to Negara；＇12＇ to make their offerings at （the places of） Buddha's shadow； tooth； and the flat…bone of his skull。 （There） Hwuy…king fell ill； and Tao…ching remained to look after him； while Hwuy…tah came alone to Purushapura； and saw the others； and （then） he with Pao…yun and Sang…king took their way back to the land of Ts'in。 Hwuy…king＇13＇ came to his end＇14＇ in the monastery of Buddha's alms…bowl； and on this Fa…hien went forward alone towards the place of the flat…bone of Buddha's skull。
NOTES
＇1＇ The modern Peshawur； lat。 34d 8s N。； lon。 71d 30s E。
＇2＇ A first cousin of Sakyamuni； and born at the moment when he attained to Buddhaship。 Under Buddha's teaching； Ananda became an Arhat； and is famous for his strong and accurate memory； and he played an important part at the first council for the formation of the Buddhist canon。 The friendship between Sakyamuni and Ananda was very close and tender； and it is impossible to read much of what the dying Buddha said to him and of him； as related in the Maha…pari…nirvana Sutra； without being moved almost to tears。 Ananda is to reappear on earth as Buddha in another Kalpa。 See E。 H。； p。 9； and the Sacred Books of the East； vol。 xi。
＇3＇ On his attaining to nirvana； Sakyamuni became the Buddha； and had no longer to mourn his being within the circle of transmigration； and could rejoice in an absolute freedom from passion； and a perfect purity。 Still he continued to live on for forty…five years； till he attained to pari…nirvana； and had done with all the life of sense and society； and had no more exercise of thought。 He died； but whether he absolutely and entirely /ceased/ to be； in any sense of the word /being/； it would be difficult to say。 Probably he himself would not and could not have spoken definitely on the point。 So far as our use of language is concerned； apart from any assured faith in and hope of immortality； his pari…nirvana was his death。
＇4＇ Kanishka appeared； and began to reign； early in our first century； about A。D。 10。 He was the last of three brothers； whose original seat was in Yueh…she； immediately mentioned； or Tukhara。 Converted by the sudden appearance of a saint； he became a zealous Buddhist； and patronised the system as liberally as Asoka had done。 The finest topes in the north…west of India are ascribed to him； he was certainly a great man and a magnificent sovereign。
＇5＇ Jambudvipa is one of the four great continents of the universe； representing the inhabited world as fancied by the Buddhists； and so called because it resembles in shape the leaves of the jambu tree。 It is south of mount Meru； and divided among four fabulous kings （E。 H。； p。 36）。 It is often used； as here perhaps； merely as the Buddhist name for India。
＇6＇ This king was perhaps Kanishka himself； Fa…hien mixing up； in an inartistic way； different legends about him。 Eitel suggests that a relic of the old name of the country may still exist in that of the Jats or Juts of the present day。 A more common name for it is Tukhara； and he observes that the people were the Indo…Scythians of the Greeks； and the Tartars of Chinese writers； who； driven on by the Huns （180 B。C。）； conquered Transoxiana； destroyed the Bactrian kingdom （126 B。C。）； and finally conquered the Punjab； Cashmere； and great part of India； their greatest king being Kanishak （E。 H。； p。 152）。
＇7＇ Watters； clearly understanding the thought of the author in this sentence； renders〃his destiny did not extend to a connexion with the bowl；〃 but the term 〃destiny〃 suggests a controlling or directing power without。 The king thought that his virtue in the past was not yet sufficient to give him possession of the bowl。
＇8＇ The text is simply 〃those in white clothes。〃 This may mean 〃the laity；〃 or the 〃upasakas；〃 but it is better to take the characters in their common Chinese acceptation； as meaning 〃commoners；〃 〃men who have no rank。〃 See in Williams' Dictionary under ｛。｝。
＇9＇ I do not wonder that Remusat should give for this〃et s'en retournent apres。〃 But Fa…hien's use of ｛。｝ in the sense of 〃in the same way〃 is uniform throughout the narrative。
＇10＇ Hardy's M。 B。； p。 183； says：〃The alms…bowl； given by Mahabrahma； having vanished （about the time that Gotama became Buddha）； each of the four guardian deities brought him an alms…bowl of emerald； but he did not accept them。 They then brought four bowls made of stone； of the colour of the mung fruit； and when each entreated that his own bowl might be accepted； Buddha caused them to appear as if formed into a single bowl； appearing at the upper rim as if placed one within the other。〃 See the account more correctly given in the 〃Buddhist Birth Stories；〃 p。 110。
＇11＇ Compare the narrative in Luke's Gospel； xxi。 1…4。
＇12＇ See chapter viii。
＇13＇ This； no doubt； should be Hwuy…ying。 King was at this time ill in Nagara； and indeed afterwards he dies in crossing the Little Snowy Mountains； but all the texts make him die twice。 The confounding of the two names has been pointed out by Chinese critics。
＇14＇ 〃Came to his end；〃 i。e。； according to the text； 〃proved the impermanence and uncertainty；〃 namely； of human life。 See Williams' Dictionary under ｛。｝。 The phraseology is wholly Buddhistic。
CHAPTER XIII
NAGARA。 FESTIVAL OF BUDDHA'S SKULL…BONE。 OTHER RELICS； AND HIS SHADOW。
Going west for sixteen yojanas；＇1＇ he came to the city He…lo＇2＇ in the borders of the country of Nagara； where there is the flat…bone of Buddha's skull； deposited in a vihara＇3＇ adorned all over with gold… leaf and the seven sacred substances。 The king of the country； revering and honouring the bone； and anxious lest it should be stolen away； has selected eight individuals； representing the great families in the kingdom； and committing to each a seal； with which he should seal （its shrine） and guard （the relic）。 At early dawn these eight men come； and after each has inspected his seal； they open the door。 This done； they wash their hands with scented water and bring out the bone； which they place outside the vihara； on a lofty platform； where it is supported on a round pedestal of the seven precious substances； and covered with a bell of /lapis lazuli/； both adorned with rows of pearls。 Its colour is of a yellowish white； and it forms an imperfect circle twelve inches round；＇4＇ curving upwards to the centre。 Every day； after it has been brought forth； the keepers of the vihara ascend a high gallery； where they beat great drums； blow conchs； and clash their copper cymbals。 When the king hears them； he goes to the vihara； and makes his offerings